Rev 13:16 And he causeth all, both small and great, rich and poor, free
and bond, to receive a mark in their right hand, or in their
foreheads:
Rev 13:17 And that no man might buy or sell, save he that had
the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name.
Rev 13:18
Here is wisdom. Let him that hath understanding count the number of the
beast: for it is the number of a man; and his number is Six hundred
threescore and six.
Note that according to verse 17, there are three different characteristics
that distinguish the beast:
It might be argued by some that 666 must be applied to one man's name, and
that this will then help identify him as the antichrist. I would
offer the following verse to show that 666 need not apply solely to a man's
name:
Rev 19:16 And he hath on his vesture and on his thigh a name written,
KING OF KINGS, AND LORD OF LORDS.
The same Greek word translated as name (onoma: G3686) that appears in
Revelation 13:17-18 is also used in chapter 19:16, so clearly the word can
also apply to a title, and not just one man's name. Now, we are told
that it takes a certain understanding and wisdom to discern just how
this number is actually applied. Based on the fact that 666 can apply to a
title, below are several words and phrases that have been put forth over the
centuries as probable solutions to the enigma of 666.
GREEK
The numeric equivalents of Greek letters can also be found in the
Encyclopedia Britannica under "Languages of the World", Table 8.
The ancient Greek word for "the Latin speaking man" is
LATEINOS
|
L = 30 |
lambda |
|
A = 1 |
alpha |
|
T = 300 |
tau |
|
E = 5 |
epsilon |
|
I = 10 |
iota |
|
N = 50 |
nu |
|
O = 70 |
omicron |
|
S = 200 |
sigma |
|
------------ |
|
666 |
NOTE: Latin is the official language of the Roman Catholic Church. Church
Documents are usually published first in Latin, and then translated from the
Latin into other languages. The association of "Lateinos" with 666 was first
suggested by Irenæus (ca. 130-202 A.D.) who proposed in his Against
Heresies that it might be the name of the fourth kingdom in Daniel
7:7.
Then also Lateinos has the number six hundred and sixty-six; and it is a
very probable [solution], this being the name of the last kingdom [of the
four seen by Daniel]. For the Latins are they who at present bear rule: I
will not, however, make any boast over this [coincidence].
Source:
Against
Heresies,
by Irenæus, Book 5, chapter 30, paragraph 3.
St. Irenaeus
biography online at the New Advent Catholic web site.
|
The ancient Greek for
"The Latin
Kingdom" is
HE LATINE BASILEIA
BASILEIA
is Strong's # G932 |
The ancient Greek for
"Italian
Church" is
ITALIKA EKKLESIA
EKKLESIA is
Strong's # G1577 |
And in ancient Greek
the word
APOSTATES |
And in ancient Greek
the word
for "tradition"
PARADOSIS
Strong's #
G3862 |
|
H = 0 |
(transliterated) |
|
E = 8 |
eta |
|
|
|
|
L = 30 |
lambda |
|
A = 1 |
alpha |
|
T = 300 |
tau |
|
I
= 10 |
iota |
|
N = 50 |
nu |
|
E = 8 |
eta |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
B = 2 |
beta |
|
A
= 1 |
alpha |
|
S = 200 |
sigma |
|
I
= 10 |
iota |
|
L = 30 |
lambda |
|
E = 5 |
epsilon |
|
I = 10 |
iota |
|
A = 1 |
alpha |
|
|
666 | |
|
I = 10 |
iota |
|
T = 300 |
tau |
|
A = 1 |
alpha |
|
L = 30 |
lambda |
|
I = 10 |
iota |
|
K = 20 |
kappa |
|
A = 1 |
alpha |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
E = 5 |
epsilon |
|
K = 20 |
kappa |
|
K = 20 |
kappa |
|
L = 30 |
lambda |
|
E = 8 |
eta |
|
S = 200 |
sigma |
|
I
= 10 |
iota |
|
A
= 1 |
alpha |
|
|
666 | |
|
A = 1 |
alpha |
|
P = 80 |
pi |
|
O = 70 |
omicron |
|
ST = 6 |
stigma* |
|
A = 1 |
alpha |
|
T = 300 |
tau |
|
E = 8 |
eta |
|
S = 200 |
sigma |
|
|
666 |
* Stigma is a now obsolete Greek character, but it appears in the
New Testament in Rev 13:18 to give the value 666 (chi xi stigma - See
Strong's Concordance, # G5516).
|
|
P = 80 |
pi |
|
A = 1 |
alpha |
|
R = 100 |
rho |
|
A = 1 |
alpha |
|
D = 4 |
delta |
|
O = 70 |
omicron |
|
S = 200 |
sigma |
|
I = 10 |
iota |
|
S = 200 |
sigma |
|
|
666 |
|
LATIN
|
NUMERAL |
NAME |
VALUE |
|
I |
unus |
1 |
|
V |
quinque |
5 |
|
X |
decem |
10 |
|
L |
quinquaginta |
50 |
|
C |
centum |
100 |
|
D |
quingenti |
500 |
|
M |
mille |
1000 |
VICARIUS FILII DEI
|
THE LITERAL MEANING: |
VICARIUS - substituting for, or in place of |
|
|
FILII - means son |
|
|
DEI - means God |
|
V = 5 |
F = no value |
D = 500 |
|
I = 1 |
I = 1 |
E = no value |
|
C = 100 |
L = 50 |
I = 1 |
|
A = no value |
I = 1 |
------------- |
|
R = no value |
I = 1 |
501 |
|
I = 1 |
-------------- |
|
|
U = 5 |
53 |
|
|
S = no value |
|
|
|
--------------- |
|
|
|
112 |
112 + 53+ 501 = 666 |
|
DUX CLERI
translated means Captain of
the Clergy
|
D = 500 |
|
U = 5 |
|
X
= 10 |
|
|
|
C = 100 |
|
L = 50 |
|
E = no value |
|
R = no value |
|
I = 1 |
|
-------------------- |
|
666 |
|
LUDOVICUS
translated means Vicar of the
Court
|
L = 50 |
|
U = 5 |
|
D = 500 |
|
O
= no value |
|
V
= 5 |
|
I
= 1 |
|
C = 100 |
|
U = 5 |
|
S = no value |
|
-------------------- |
|
666 |
|
HEBREW
The numeric equivalents of Hebrew letters can be found in the Encyclopedia
Britannica under "Languages of the World", Table 50.
|
ROMIITH
means the Roman Kingdom
|
R = 200 |
resh |
|
O = 6 |
waw (vav) |
|
M = 40 |
mem |
|
I = 10 |
yod |
|
I = 10 |
yod |
|
TH = 400 |
taw |
|
-------------- |
|
666 |
|
ROMITI
means the Roman Man
|
R = 200 |
resh |
|
O
= 6 |
waw (vav) |
|
M = 40 |
mem |
|
I
= 10 |
yod |
|
T = 400 |
taw |
|
I = 10 |
yod |
|
---------- |
|
666 |
|
Note:
-
Lateinos, Ecclesia Italika, and Romith are cited as possible solutions
by Johannes Gerhard (1582-1637), a Lutheran, in his Adnotationes in
Apocalypsin, page 110.
-
Romith, Vicarius Filii Dei, Dux Cleri, Ordinarius Ovilis Christi Pastor,
and Dic Lux are cited by the rector of Berlin, Andreas Helwig [or Helwich]
(1572-1643) in his Antichristus Romanus.
-
Dux Cleri is cited by Walter Brute (or Britte), a fourteenth century
follower of Wycliff, in his Registrum, page 356.
-
Ludovicus was proposed by James Bicheno (d. 1831), a British minister
and author, applying it at the time to the French King Louis XIV, as the
two-horned beast from the earth.
-
He Latine Basileia and Lateinos are cited by Alexander Campbell
(1788-1866), founder of the Disciples of Christ, in A Debate on the
Roman Catholic Religion of 1837.
See The PROPHETIC FAITH OF OUR FATHERS, The
Historical Development of Prophetic Interpretation, by Le Roy Edwin Froom,
Volumes II and IV, published by the Review and Herald Publishing Association,
Washington D.C., Copyright 1948.
This relationship of 666 in Greek, Latin, and Hebrew is only one relatively
small, yet important indicator that the Papacy is the Antichrist and the beast
from the sea of Revelation 13. This association by itself proves little, as
666 can fit other people using the same methods. All the other biblical
characteristics of the Antichrist must be considered and met as well, then
this association becomes significant.
666 and CÆSAR NERO
Some will suggest that the book of Revelation was written only for those
living at the time, and that 666 most probably applies to Cæsar Nero, who
ruled Rome from 54 to 68 A.D., rather than someone from latter centuries. This
point of view, which suggests Revelation had an immediate application to the
first century, rather than being prophetic, is known as preterism, and
is commonly held by the Catholic Church. So, just how is Nero linked to
666?
The preterist takes a relatively uncommon form of Nero's name, Nero Cæsar
or Cæsar Nero, and adds an "n", resulting in Neron Cæsar. Next the Latin is
transliterated into Aramaic, resulting in nrwn qsr, which when using
the numeric equivalent of the letters, then adds up to 666 as follows:
|
Nun |
= |
50 |
|
Resh |
= |
200 |
|
Waw |
= |
6 |
|
Nun |
= |
50 |
|
|
|
Qoph |
= |
100 |
|
Samech |
= |
60 |
|
Resh |
= |
200 |
An example of this spelling has apparently been recently discovered in one
of the Dead Sea scrolls. If you use the same process, but without the added
"n" the result is 616. Interestingly, some early manuscripts have 616 rather
than 666, but even scholars such as Irenæus [A.D. 120-202] attribute the 616 to only a
copyist error (Against
Heresies: Book V Chapter XXX.),
"this number [666] being found in all the most approved and ancient
copies" [of the Apocalypse] and asserts that "men who saw
John face to face bearing their testimony" [to it - 666].
There is a problem though with the above calculation. According to the
rules of Jewish numerology, known as gematria, when the letter Nun
appears a second time in a word, it is known as a "Final", and takes the value
of 700.* So to be precise, NRWN QSR actually adds up to 1316 and not 666.
*Source: Behind Numerology, by Shirley Blackwell Lawrence, copyright 1989,
published by Newcastle Publishing Co., Inc., North Hollywood, California, ISBN
0-87877-145-X, page 41.
So the preterist calculation which attributes 666 to Nero,
however, is nothing more than a rather desperate attempt to find some likely
candidate for the Antichrist other than the Papacy.
THE WORD ANTI-
Look up in Strong's Concordance word 473 in the Greek dictionary. You will
find the the word anti is often used to denote substitution-
473. anti, an-tee'; a prim. particle; opposite, i.e. instead or because
of (rarely in addition to):--for, in the room of. Often used in composition
to denote contrast, requital, *substitution*, correspondence,
etc.
An example of how anti is used this way can be found in the words type and
antitype, which are used with respect to Bible prophecy. The "type" is the
pattern or symbol, and the antitype is the fulfillment. The Jewish Passover
was a "type" and the crucifixion of Jesus is the "antitype" or fulfillment of
the example of the type. You substitute the antitype into the symbolism of the
type to arrive at the complete meaning.
The Catholic Church has essentially confirmed this usage of the
word anti. In the 1994 Catholic Almanac on page 158 there is "the list
of men who claimed or exercised the papal office in an uncanonical manner." So
these men tried to substitute themselves for the true Pope, and usurp that
office, so to speak. The Catholic church denies the papal authority of the men
on that list because they attempted a substitute (false) claim on the Papacy.
That list is a list of ANTI-POPES! So the word anti can clearly mean a
substitute for something.
THE WORD ANTICHRIST
Antichrist (word 500 in Strong's Greek dictionary) can be correctly
interpreted then, as someone who substitutes himself for Jesus Christ, the Son
of God, just as an antipope substituted himself into the office of the
Papacy.
The Vicar of Christ (Vicarius
Christi)
"Vicar of Christ . . . Title used almost exclusively of the Bishop of
Rome as successor of Peter and, therefore, the one in the Church who
particularly takes the place of Christ; but used also of bishops in general
and even of priests. First used by the Roman Synod of A.D. 495 to refer to
Pope Gelasius; more commonly in Roman curial usage to refer to the Bishop of
Rome during the pontificate of Pope Eugene III (1145-1153). Pope Innocent
III (1198-1216) asserted explicitly that the Pope is the Vicar of Christ;
further defined at the Council of Florence in the Decree for the
Greeks (1439) and Vatican Council I in Pastor Aerternus (1870).
The Second Vatican Council, in Lumen Gentium , n.27, calls bishops in
general "vicars and legates of Christ." All bishops are vicars of Christ for
their local churches in their ministerial functions as priest, prophet, and
king, as the Pope is for the universal church; the title further denotes
they exercise their authority in the Church not by delegation from any other
person, but from Christ Himself."
Source: Catholic Dictionary, Peter M.J. Stravinskas, Editor,
published by Our Sunday Visitor, Inc., Huntington, 1993, pp.
484-485.
THE WORDS VICARIOUS AND VICAR
Now look up the word vicarious in almost any common dictionary. Here is
what you would find in the Webster Handy College Dictionary:
"substituting for or, feeling in place of another."
Also in the Webster's II New Riverside Desk Dictionary for the
definition of Vicar-
1. A parish priest in the Church of England.
2. A cleric in the
Episcopal Church in charge of a chapel.
3. One who serves as a
*substitute* for another.
A Vicar General is defined in the 1994 Catholic Almanac on page 330 as "a
priest or bishop appointed by the bishop of a diocese to serve as his deputy,
with ordinary executive power, in the administration of the diocese." So a
vicar serves in the place of (substituting for) the bishop, and assumes his
power of office for certain duties.
So the Papal title of VICAR OF CHRIST which in Latin is VICARIUS CHRISTI,
means a SUBSTITUTE FOR CHRIST, which is synonymous with Antichrist, i.e.,
assuming the power of God on earth! This blasphemous claim is made repeatedly
by various Popes and is the very foundation of Roman Catholicism and it's
Papacy.
Some Catholics may protest that the Pope represents, but does not
substitute for Jesus Christ, to avoid the association.
Now, from the Webster Hand College Dictionary, the definition of the
word represent:
1. portray; depict; describe.
2. play the role of; impersonate.
3.
denote; symbolize; stand for.
4. speak and act for; *be a substitute
for*.
5. set forth; assert.
6. be composed of; consist
in.
Clearly then, Vicar of Christ (Vicarius Christi) and Antichrist have
exactly the same meaning. The Pope substitutes himself in place of God on
earth, and that is *exactly* the meaning of Antichrist.
VICAR OF THE SON OF
GOD
Some Catholics will claim that the title VICARIUS FILII DEI is an
anti-catholic fabrication, a complete fake, never used by the
Catholic church. One example of this is online at the Catholic
Envoy Magazine in the
article titled
Pope Fiction by Patrick Madrid (See Fiction 5).
My complete discussion with
Patrick Madrid.
The following evidence is offered to prove that VICARIUS FILII DEI is
indeed genuine.
Vicarius Filii Dei translated in English is Vicar of the Son of
God, a phrase that has been used by Catholics:
[pg.
140]
... there are Catholics who talk against the temporal power of
the Pope, either because they have been stunned by the clamours of a
Protestant people, or because they are white-hearted, and have not courage
to stand in the face of popular falsehood for an unpopular truth. The spirit
of Protestant Englandits lawlessness,
its pride, its contempt, and its enmity to the Church of Godhas made Catholics too to be cold-hearted,
even when the Vicar of Jesus Christ is insulted. We have need, then, to be
upon our guard. It shall happen once more with some, as it did when the Son
of God was in His Passionthey saw Him
betrayed, bound, carried away, buffeted, blindfolded, and scourged; they saw
Him carry His Cross to Calvary, then nailed upon it, and lifted up to the
scorn of the world; and they said, "If he be the king of Israel, let him now
come down from the cross, and we will believe him."* So in like manner they
say now, "See this Catholic Church, this Church of God, feeble and weak,
rejected even by the very nations called Catholic. There is Catholic France,
and Catholic Germany, and Catholic Italy, giving up this exploded figment of
the temporal power of the Vicar of Jesus Christ." And
* St. Matt. xxvii. 42.
[pg.
141]
so, because the Church seems weak, and the Vicar of the Son
of God is renewing the Passion of his Master upon earth, therefore we
are scandalized, therefore we turn our faces from him. Where, then, is our
faith? But the Son of God foretold these things when He said, "And now I
have told you, before it come to pass; that when it shall come to pass, you
may believe."*
* St. John xiv. 29.
[pg.
230]
... Lastly, the only other point upon which I shall speak to is this. We
have already seen how the powers and glories of the Holy See have been
progressively unfolding; how the time of St. Gregory I. was a period of
apostolic missions, converting the nations to the faith; how the time of St.
Leo III. was a period
[pg.
231]
of creating the Christian world; how the time of St. Gregory VII. was a
period of purifying the sanctuary of the Church; and how the time of
Alexander III. was a period of royalty of government and of ecclesiastical
order, when the divine power of the church directed, by a firm and sacred
authority, the civil powers of the world within the sphere of the law of God
and of obedience to the faith. Now I observe these powers of the Holy See
have been always rising, always culminating. The temporal power in the hand
of St. Gregory I. was a fatherly and patriarchal rule over nations not as
yet reduced to civil order. In the hands of St. Leo III. it became a power
of building empires. In the hands of St. Gregory VII. it was a scourge to
chasten them. In the hands of Alexander III. it was a dynasty, ruling
supremely, in the name of God, over the powers of the world. And now in
these later times the temporal sovereignty has become a law of the
conscience, an axiom of the reason. Through long contests and denials it has
passed into consciences, intellects, and hearts of men. Like the great
dogmas of the Church, through controversy it has reached its analysis and
expression. It stands by the side of the Immaculate Conception a theological
certainty, if not a definition. So that I may say there never was a time
when the temporal power of the Vicar of the Son of God,
though assailed as we see it, was more firmly rooted through-
[pg.
232]
out the whole unity of the Catholic Church in the hearts and convictions
of its members; and that by a double process, not only by its own proper
evidence, not only by the light of God's dealing with the world, but by
contrast. For the nations of Europe have already seen that the society of
the world, without the guidance and preservation of the Church of God,
resolves itself into confusion. They have seen every form of political
society, and the confederations of kingdoms and nations, dissolve and pass
away. While all the floating societies of the world have drifted down the
stream, the centre of obedience has become more stable. Men have learned
from the history of modern Europe that the law which is called the law of
nations—that is, the rule of justice which regulates the relations of people
with people—has become weak and powerless. And why? Because the nations have
broken the bonds which bound them to the centre of obedience, and have
shaken off the noble submission to a tribunal higher than man, from which
came forth, in other days, the judgments of equity and of justice. It was a
dignified obedience to bow to the Vicar of the Son of God,
and to remit the arbitration of their griefs to one whom all wills consented
to obey.
Source: The Temporal Power of the Vicar of Jesus Christ, by Henry
Edward Manning, D.D. (appointed Archbishop of Westminster in 1865 and Cardinal
in 1875), second edition with a preface, published in 1862 in London by Burns
& Lambert, 17 &18 Portman Street.
From "Crossing The
Threshold of Hope", by Pope John Paul II:
First Chapter: "The
Pope": A Scandal and a Mystery (bold emphasis is mine):
[pg. 3] The leader of the Catholic Church is defined by the faith as the
Vicar of Jesus Christ (and is accepted as such by
believers). The Pope is considered the man on earth who represents
the Son of God, who "takes the place" of the Second Person of the
omnipotent God of the Trinity.
[pg. 13] The Pope is not the only one who holds this title. With regard
to the Church entrusted to him, each bishop is Vicarius
Christi.
Note that on page three of the Pope's book, "represents the Son of God" is
synonymous with "Vicar of Jesus Christ". A vicar clearly represents,
substitutes for, or "takes the place" of another, as stated. Consequently
"represents the Son of God" can be translated in Latin as Vicarius Filii
Dei, which in Roman Numerals will add up to 666. The title Vicarius
Christi, translated into English, means a substitute for Christ, i.e.,
Antichrist, as demonstrated above, which is applied by the Pope to every
bishop of the Catholic Church!
VICARIUS FILII DEI
The
Historical Proof.
The Donation of
Constantine is the most famous forgery in European history. Originally
discovered in the Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals in the 9th century (c.
847-853), which are now also recognized to be forgeries, parts of the
Donation of Constantine were later incorporated into most of the medieval
collections of Catholic canon law (Anselm's, Cardinal Deusdedit's (c.
1087), and Gratian's Decretum (c. 1148) also known as Concordia
Discordantium Canonum). So the Donation of Constantine was held to be genuine
for centuries.
The Donation of Constantine is cited in writing by no less than 10 Popes as
proof of their civil authority and sovereignty over Rome, and what came to be
known as the Papal States, which included a large portion of Italy. It was
eventually exposed as a pious fraud in 1440 by Laurentius Valla
who proved it had to have been written several centuries
after the death of Constantine (337 A.D.) The Vatican condemned Valla's
scholarly work by listing it in the
Index Librorum
Prohibitorum, the Index of Prohibited Books of 1559. The donation
reads in part as follows in Latin: (caps added for emphasis) -
Sicut B. Petrus in terris VICARIUS FILII DEI esse videtur constitutus,
ita et Pontifices, qui ipsius principis apostolorum gerunt vices,
principatus potestatem amplius quam terrena imperialis nostrae serenitatis
mansuetudo habere videtur, conscessam a nobis nostroque imperio
obtineant...
In English that is-
As the Blessed Peter is seen to have been constituted vicar of the Son of
God on the earth, so the Pontiffs who are the representatives of that same
chief of the apostles, should obtain from us and our empire the power of a
supremacy greater than the clemency of our earthly imperial serenity is seen
to have conceded to it,
(continuing beyond the Latin above)
choosing
that same chief of the apostles and his vicars to be our constant
intercessors with God. And to the extent of our earthly Imperial power, we
have decreed that his holy Roman Church shall be honored with veneration,
and that more than our empire and earthly throne the most sacred seat of the
Blessed Peter shall be gloriously exalted, we giving to it power, and
dignity of glory, and vigor, and honor imperial. And we ordain and decree
that he shall have the supremacy as well over the four principal seats,
Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem, and Constantinople, as also over all the
churches of God in the whole earth. And the Pontiff, who at the time shall
be at the head of the holy Roman church itself, shall be more exalted than,
and chief over, all the priests of the whole world, and according to his
judgment everything which is provided for the service of God and for the
stability of the faith of Christians is to be administered.
Source: Donation of Constantine, quoted in Christopher B. Coleman's
The Treatise of Lorenzo Valla on the Donation of Constantine, pp. 12,13
Copyright 1922 by Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.
As one example of the Donation of Constantine being incorporated into
Catholic canon, in Gratian's Decretals of the Canon Law of the Roman Catholic
Church, published in Bologna about 1148, the following is found:
"Beatus Petrus in terris vicarius filii Dei videtur esse
constitutus."
Decretum Gratiani, prima pars., dist. 96.
Below is a copy of the cover page of Catholic Canon Law
(Corpus Iuris Canonici) and Gratian's Decretals
published in 1879 in Germany by Emil Friedberg:
The Donation of Constantine is quoted in column 342, part of
which is shown below. The phrase "vicarius filii dei" is found near the center
of the paragraph. (Note that a "u" is used in place of a "v".)
|
The
Bavarian State Library of
Germany has a digitized searchable 1879 version of
Corpus
Iuris Canonici available online, including scans of all the
pages (page 342 in
GIF
[low resolution] and
PDF
format [high resolution] ). The relevant section is found under the
following headings:
- CONCORDIA DISCORDANTIUM CANONUM AC PRIMUM
DE IURE NATURAE ET CONSTITUTIONIS
- DISTINCTIO
XCVI.
- C. XIV. De
eodem. |
According to the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia, regarding
the Donation of Constantine:
The first pope who used it in an official act and relied upon, was Leo
IX; in a letter of 1054 to Michael Cærularius, Patriarch of Constantinople,
he cites the "Donatio" to show that the Holy See possessed both an earthly
and a heavenly imperium, the royal priesthood. ... Gregory VII himself never
quoted this document in his long warfare for ecclesiastical liberty against
the secular power. But Urban II made use of it in 1091 to support his claims
on the island of Corsica. Later popes (Innocent III, Gregory IX, Innocent
IV) took its authority for granted (Innocent III, Sermo de sancto Silvestro,
in P.L., CCXVII, 481 sqq.; Raynaldus, Annales, ad an. 1236, n. 24; Potthast,
Regesta, no. 11,848), and ecclesiastical writers often adduced its evidence
in favour of the papacy. The medieval adversaries of the popes, on the other
hand, never denied the validity of this appeal to the pretended donation of
Constantine ... The authenticity of the document, as already stated, was
doubted by no one before the fifteenth century.
Source:
The 1913 Catholic
Encyclopedia online at the New Advent web site.
In the Chapel of St. Sylvester (part of the Basilica of
Santi Quattro
Coronati, located in Rome on Coelian hill, between St. John Lateran and
the Coliseum), a series of frescoes commissioned by Pope Innocent IV, and
completed in 1246, depict various events in the life of Pope Sylvester I.
The Donation of Constantine, Santi Quattro Coronati,
Rome
In one of the fresco panels, shown above, Emperor Constantine is offering
his crown to the Pope, illustrating the Donation of Constantine. In the
following panel, the triumphal Pope, riding on horseback, is led through Rome
by the humbled Emperor, who is on foot.
Another painting representing the
Donation
of Constantine, shown below, is in the Vatican, in the Sala di
Costantino. It was painted by Raphael and his workshop from 1519 to 1525,
along with depictions of Constantine's baptism, his vision of the cross, and
his victory at the battle at Milvian bridge, so at the time it would seem the
Donation of Constantine was still considered to be genuine.
|
Detail of the Donation of Constantine as
depicted in a painting by
Gianfrancesco Penni, in the Sala di
Costantino, the Vatican |
|
 |
|
For the whole painting, see The Art of
Renaissance Rome, by Loren Partridge,
published by Harry N.
Abrams, Inc., New York, A Times Mirror Company,
Copyright 1996 by
Calmann & King, Ltd., ISBN 0-8109-2718-7, page
158. |
The kneeling Constantine is handing Pope Sylvester I a statuette of Roma
Aeterna (eternal Rome) symbolizing the transfer of power from the emperor to
the papacy. On 24 February 1520, about four years before the painting of the
Donation was completed, Martin Luther wrote:
I have at hand Lorenzo Valla's proof that the Donation of Constantine is
a forgery. Good heavens, what darkness and wickedness is at Rome. You wonder
at the judgment of God that such unauthentic, crass, imprudent lies not only
lived, but prevailed for so many centuries, that they were incorporated in
the canon law ... and became as articles of faith. I am in such a passion
that I scarcely doubt that the pope is the Antichrist expected by the world,
so closely do their acts, lives, sayings, and laws agree.
Source: The Art of Renaissance Rome, by Loren Partridge, published
by Harry N. Abrams, Inc., New York, A Times Mirror Company, Copyright 1996 by
Calmann & King, Ltd., ISBN 0-8109-2718-7, page 159.
The forged Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals, among which was found the Donation
of Constantine, are fictitious letters alleged to be from early popes [Clement
(A.D. 100) to Gregory the Great (A.D. 600)], collected by Isidore Mercator in
the 9th century. Since the scholarly criticism of the fifteenth century they
have been known to be forgeries and have been called "Pseudo-Isidorian
Decretals" or False Decretals, to acknowledge that they are fraudulent, none
the less, as late as1580 the official edition of the Corpus Juris,
upheld the genuineness of the False Decretals. Catholics finally abandoned the
defense of the authenticity of the Donation of Constantine shortly after
Cesare Baronius published his Ecclesiastical Annals in 1592, which
admitted the fraud, although the Donation and title Vicarius Filii Dei
continued to appear in Canon law and other Catholic publications well into the
19th century.
Lucius Ferraris,
about 1755, wrote an elaborate multi-volume theological reference work or
encyclopedia titled Prompta Bibliotheca in which he quoted the Donation
of Constantine, including the phrase Vicarius Filii Dei, in article 2 of the
entry "Papa" (Pope). He cited the revised canon law as his authority. Here is
the cover page of volume 5, of an edition published in 1858, note that it
carries the blessing of Pope Gregory XVI - (SANCTISSIMI D. N. GREGORII
XVI P.M.)
Below is part of column 1828 from volume 5 of Prompta Bibliotheca,
1858 Paris edition, where the title of Vicarius Filii Dei appears in #20 of
article 2 of the entry "Papa" (Pope), which I have indicated with an arrow.
Again, this is a quote from the Donation of Constantine:
Full scanned pages from
Prompta
Bibliotheca.
Ferraris' work was later revised, enlarged, and once again published in
Rome in 1890. In that edition, the document and papal title Vicarius Filii Dei
were still retained. (Lucius Ferraris, Prompta Bibliotheca (Rome,
1890), Vol. VI, p. 43, col. 2.)
According the
1913
Catholic Encyclopedia, a further revised edition of Prompta
Bibliotheca was published in Rome by the presses of the Vatican's Office
of Propaganda in 1899.
So, for well over 600 years, the Donation of Constantine was held by the
Roman Catholic Church to be a valid document transferring authority from
Emperor Constantine and it does contain the Latin title Vicarius Filii Dei.
This is irrefutable proof that it is not a Protestant invention. The
title continued to appear in Catholic publications even into the 20th
century.
In the Nov 15, 1914 Edition of Our Sunday Visitor, (a Catholic
publication), the following question was addressed on page 3 in the section
titled Bureau of Information:
Is it true that the words of the Apocalypse in the 13th Chapter, 18th
verse refer to the Pope?
The words referred to are these "Here is wisdom.
He that hath understanding, let him count the number of the beast. For it is
a the number of a man: and the number of him is six hundred sixty-six."
The title of the Pope in Rome is Vicarius Filii Dei. This is
inscribed on his mitre[*]; and if you take the letters of his title which
represent Latin numerals (printed large) and add them together they come to
666.
|
V |
I |
C |
A |
R |
I |
V |
S |
|
F |
I |
L |
I |
I |
|
D |
E |
I |
|
5 |
1 |
100 |
|
|
1 |
5 |
|
|
|
1 |
50 |
1 |
1 |
|
500 |
|
1 |
Add these together and the result will be
666.
This "argument" was submitted to Rev. Ernest R.
Hull, and answered in the following manner:
"Almost every eminent man in
Christendom, who has enjoyed the privilege of possessing enemies, has had
his mane turned and twisted till they could get the number 666 out of
it. In past history there have been numberless beasts or Anti-Christs, all
of whose names counted up to 666.
I fancy that my own name,
especially in Latin form, might give the number of the beast:
|
E |
R |
N |
E |
S |
T |
V |
S |
|
R |
E |
G |
I |
N |
A |
L |
D |
V |
S |
|
H |
V |
L |
L |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
50 |
500 |
5 |
|
|
|
5 |
50 |
50 |
=666 |
Quod erat demonstrandum, namely, that Rev. Ernest R. Hull is
Anti-Christ, or the Beast of the Apocalypse!"
Perhaps
a little ingenuity with your name will show that you are the beast of the
Apocalypse too.
View a facsimile copy of
the above item online.
The top of page
one.
Editorial information
from page 2. Contains sanctions for the editor from Pope Pius
X, dated May 17, 1914; from Archbishop John Bonzano of Melitene, the
Apostolic Delegate to the U.S., dated April 27, 1913; and from H. J.
Alerding, Bishop of Fort Wayne, Indiana., dated March 29,
1912.
*[The Vatican's Papal Sacristy apparently has as many as twelve, or more,
papal triple (triregno) crowns, which are
properly called tiaras. The papal mitre, of which there are very many,
is quite different. A mitre is shown below on the right.]
|
 |
 |
|
Pope John XXIII
wearing a triple
tiara. |
Pope John Paul II
wearing a papal
mitre. |
Again in the April 18th, 1915 edition of Our Sunday Visitor, Rev.
John F. Noll, editor, the following question was addressed on page 3, in the
section titled Bureau of Information:
What are the letters supposed to be in the Pope's crown, and what do they
signify, if anything?
The letters inscribed in the Pope's mitre are these: Vicarius Filii
Dei, which is the Latin for the Vicar of the Son of God. Catholics hold
that the church which is a visible society must have a visible head. Christ,
before His ascension into heaven, appointed St. Peter to act as His
representative. Upon the death of Peter the man who succeeded to the office
of Peter as Bishop of Rome, was recognized as the head of the Church. Hence
to the Bishop of Rome, as head of the Church, was given the title "Vicar of
Christ."
Enemies of the Papacy denounce this title as a malicious assumption. But
the Bible informs us that Christ did not only give His Church authority to
teach, but also to rule. Laying claim to the authority to rule in Christ's
spiritual kingdom, in Christ's stead, is not a whit more malicious than
laying claim to the authority to teach in Christ's name. And this every
Christian minister does.
View a facsimile
copy of the above item online.
The top of page
one.
Editorial information
from page 2. Contains sanctions for the editor from Pope Pius
X, dated May 17, 1914; from Archbishop John Bonzano of Melitene, the
Apostolic Delegate to the U.S., dated April 27, 1913; and from H. J.
Alerding, Bishop of Fort Wayne, Indiana., dated March 29, 1912.
It was not long before the editors of Our Sunday
Visitor made a very curious change, completely contradicting what they
themselves had previously stated regarding Vicarius Filii Dei (and cited
above). The following is from the Bureau of Information section in the
September 16, 1917 edition:
What application has the number 666 to Pope Benedict
XV?
—None whatever. Such an
interpretation of Chapter XIII, Verse 18 of the Apocalypse is entirely
unfounded and is nothing more than a display of malignant hatred. It is the
effervescense of vacuous minds. Earlier commentators spent considerable time
in trying to determine the personality of the beast, and they referred it to
Nero Caesar; for by supplying the numerals for the Hebrew characters in his
name, the number 666 was obtained. During the period of the Reformation and
for years after, the Apocalypse furnished the basis of much political and
religious incrimination. In later years, really reliable commentators have
ceased the silly prattle about the Popes, Napoleon, Rome and subjecting the
Book to the Rules of exegesis see a reference to conditions existing at the
time of St. John. (This interpretation, of course, does not include the
Resurrection, the millennium, and the plagues preceding the consummation of
the world, as referring to principle events in the first century). In a
"Dictionary of the Bible" edited by William Schmidt, a Protestant author,
page 1038, will be found the following; "Ebrard reckons that not less than
eighty systematic commentaries are worthy of note, and states the less
valuable writings on this inexhaustible subject are unnumbered if not
innumerable. Fanaticism, theological hatred, and vain curiosity may have
largely influenced their composition." Also on page 1039 we find the
following: "Against the Historical scheme it is urged, that its advocates
differ very widely among themselves; that they assume without any authority
that the 1260 days are so many years; that several of its applications—e.g., of the symbol of the ten-horned beast
to be the Popes, and the sixth seal to the conversion of Constantine—are inconsistent with the context; that
attempts by some of this school to predict future events by the help of
Revelation have ended in repeated failures.
Besides, if
present-day writers are so anxious to see the fulfillment in the person of
the Pope, why not be consistent? Such interpreters have never shown that the
title "Vicarius Filii Dei" is really inscribed upon the Pope's tiara.
Moreover, the passage states that the number refers to a man, in other words
the numerals represented by the letters in his name, which total the sum
666. The words Vicarius Filii Dei are not the name of the Pope, they do not
even constitute his official title. The name of our President is Woodrow
Wilson. His title is President of the United States. If we take the name
Benedict XV and follow out the same numerical addition, we find that his
number instead of being 666 would be 1123.
This question was
submitted to Rev. Earnest R. Hull and answered in the following manner:
"Almost every eminent man in Christendom, who has enjoyed the privilege of
possessing enemies, has had his name turned and twisted till they could get
the number 666 out of it. In past history there have been numberless beasts
or Anti-Christs, all of whose names counted up to 666. I fancy that my
own name, especially in Latin form, might give the number of the
beast:
|
E |
R |
N |
E |
S |
T |
V |
S |
|
R |
E |
G |
I |
N |
A |
L |
D |
V |
S |
|
H |
V |
L |
L |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
50 |
500 |
5 |
|
|
|
5 |
50 |
50 |
=666 |
Add these together and the result will be
666.
Quod erat demonstrandum, namely, that Rev. Ernest R. Hull
is Anti-Christ, or the Beast of the Apocalypse!"
Since
the war fanatical "private interpreters" have made the number 666 refer to
the Kaiser; others even to President Wilson.
View a
facsimile copy of the above item online.
The University of Notre Dame has the above editions of
Our Sunday
Visitor on microfilm.
Our Sunday Visitor is still in business:
Our Sunday
Visitor
200 Noll Plaza
Huntington, Indiana 46750
Phone:
(800) 348-2440
The following extract on this point is from a work entitled, "The
Reformation," bearing the date of 1832:―
"Mrs. A.," said Miss
Emmons, "I saw a very curious fact the other day; I have dwelt upon it much,
and will mention it. A person, lately, was witnessing a ceremony of the
Romish Church. As the Pope passed him in the procession, splendidly dressed
in his pontifical robes the gentleman's eye rested on these full, blazing
letters in front of his miter: "VICARIOUS FILII DEI," the Vicar of the Son
of God. His thoughts, with the rapidity of lightning, reverted to Revelation
13:18." "Will you turn to it?" said Mrs. A. Alice opened the New Testament,
and read: 'Let him that hath understanding count the number of the
beast: for it is the number of a man; and his number is Six hundred
threescore and six.' She paused, and Miss Emmons said, "He took out
his pencil, and, marking the numerical letters of the inscription on his
tablet, it stood 666."
Here we have indeed the number
of a man, even the "man of sin" and it is a little singular, perhaps
providential, that he should select a title which shows the blasphemous
character of the beast, and then cause it to be inscribed on his miter, as
if to brand himself with the number 666.
Source: Thoughts, Critical and Practical on the Book of Revelation,
by Uriah Smith, published in 1865 by the Steam Press of the Seventh-day
Adventist Publishing Association, Battle Creek Michigan, pgs. 225-226.
I have received what seems to be reliable information that a photo may
exist (similar to the one below) of a papal funeral in St. Peter's Basilica
near the beginning of the 20th century, in which the tiara inscribed with
Vicarius Filii Dei can be seen. Combined with the above claims of Our Sunday
Visitor, this would indicate that it was the funeral of either Leo XIII
(1878-1903), or Pius X (1903-1914), and that previous popes probably wore the
tiara in question. If anyone can turn up this photo and make it available to
me, I will post it in this article.
|
 |
|
The body of Pope Pius X (who died in 1914) on display
in front of St. Peter's high altar during a Pontifical Mass on May 30th,
1954, celebrating his canonization as a Saint the prior evening. A
papal tiara can be seen on top of the glass-sided
casket. |
|
 |
Eyewitness testimony claims that Pope Gregory XVI
(1831-1846) wore the inscribed tiara on Easter Sunday of 1845, and that
the word Vicarius was on the top crown, Filii on the
middle, and Dei on the lower crown, the words spelled out with
jewels.
See
The Number of
his Name.
That the papal tiara was routinely worn both before and after a
pontifical Mass at the Vatican, is demonstrated by the following 1911
Catholic Encyclopedia
entry: |
Pontifical Mass
The solemn pontifical Mass celebrated by the pope in St. Peter's has
some peculiar ceremonies. ... The pope, wearing the falda, amice, alb,
cincture, pectoral cross, stola, cope (mantum), and tiara is carried
into the basilica on the sedia gestatoria under the canopy and
with the two flabella borne on either side. ... The pope returns
to the altar to finish the Mass. After the blessing the assistant priest
publishes the plenary indulgence. At the end of the last Gospel the pope
goes to the sedia gestatoria, puts on the tiara, and returns in
procession as he had entered.
Source:
The
1911 Catholic Encyclopedia Online, volume 12.
|
Crowned Pope Pius XII on the Sedia
Gestatoria |
The following is the text of a
letter written in
1904 by the secretary of Cardinal Gibbons of Baltimore, in response to
an inquiry about Vicarius Filii Dei being inscribed on a papal tiara:
|
CARDINAL'S RESIDENCE
406 N. CHARLES
ST
BALTIMORE
Jan. 26th, '04
Mr. H. J.
Weaver,
Dear Sir,
In reply to
yours
of 18th ?., I beg to say that
I
cannot say with certainty that
the
words "Vicarius Filii Dei" are
on
the Pope's Tiara. But the
words
are used by the Cardinal who
im-
poses the tiara at the coronation of
a
Pope.
Yours Truly,
Wm. F. Russell
|
Note the following item in a widely circulated Catholic publication from
1938. In it the title Vicarius Filii Dei and 666 is discussed, but the
validity of Vicarius Filii Dei as a papal title is not denied:
345. I have heard that he [the pope] is Anti-Christ, and
that he was described by St. John as 666, the numerical equivalent of the
Latin words of the Pope's title, Vicarius Filii Dei.
That interpretation is absurd, and rejected by all reputable scholars,
Catholic and non-Catholic alike. In any case, St. John wrote in Greek, and
there is no warrant whatever for the translation to the Latin language.
Moreover, whatever be the true interpretation of this mystical number, it
certainly refers to some one individual being. If it referred to one
particular Pope, it could refer to none of the others. To which Pope will
people refer it? To a past Pope? Then he is dead and gone, and we need not
worry about him. To the present Pope? He is the very antithesis of all the
conditions of the Beast as described by St. John. However, the number does
not refer to any of the Popes at all.
Source: Radio Replies, First Volume, by Rev. Dr. Leslie Rumble,
M.S.C. and Rev. Charles Mortimer Carty, Copyright 1938, printed by Radio
Replies Press, St. Paul 1, Minn., U.S.A., #345, page 80.
So Catholics themselves originally used the phrase VICARIUS FILII DEI in
the forged document known as the Donation of Constantine that was held to be
genuine for many hundreds of years and Catholics continued to claim that
VICARIUS FILII DEI was inscribed on one of the papal mitres as recently as
1915. That Latin title was also apparently mentioned at papal coronations, and
the title was not denied in print by Catholic apologists as recently as 1938.
I would also suspect, but cannot prove, that there are many documents in the
archives of the Catholic Church that contain the exact wording in Latin as
described.
An anecdote I can relate to you applies here. In discussing 666 with a
fellow coworker one day, he told me that he used to be in training to be a
Catholic Priest, and in class one day the priest told the prospective
inductees that there was no way to disprove that 666 applied to the papal
title, and they would have to live with that fact if they wanted to be
priests, or drop out. My friend did not go on to be a priest, though he may
have quit for other reasons.
This identification of 666 with the Papal title of Vicarius Fill Dei first
surfaced in print in the year 1612 A.D. in a book by Andreas Helwig called
The Roman Antichrist. So the Roman Catholic Church has had over 380
years to conclusively prove it false, yet they have not done so. Why? Because
it is true?!
ELLEN WHITE AND 666
Some Catholics will respond to the Seventh-day Adventist that
the number 666 can similarly be derived from the name of Ellen Gould White, a
prominent figure in the Adventist church (see the article at
New Advent).
The calculation is made as follows:
|
E |
L |
L |
E |
N |
|
G |
O |
U |
L |
D |
|
W |
H |
I |
T |
E |
|
|
50 |
50 |
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
50 |
500 |
|
10 |
|
1 |
|
|
The letter "w" in this case, is proposed to be the equivalent of a double
"v" or "u", which has a value of 5 and is therefore 10 when doubled.. However,
in Latin, a single "v" was used to represent the "w", "v" and "u" sound, the
double-u (w) apparently evolved many centuries later in other languages. So,
it would seem the correct rendering in Latin would be ELLEN GOVLD VHITE, which
does not add up to 666. Be that as it may, lets accept the
calculation as stated above. Does this indicate that Ellen White is a likely
candidate for the antichrist or beast described in Revelation 13?
Using the same method of calculation, it should be apparent that there
might be literally thousands of names that add up to 666, as Rev.
Ernest R. Hull demonstrated in the Our Sunday Visitor article above. So
obviously the application of the number to any single individual is admittedly
quite meaningless, unless and until all the other characteristics of "the
antichrist" can be adequately met. Even the Catholics that raise this issue
are unlikely to suggest that they seriously consider Ellen White to be the
antichrist entity that scripture warns about.
The
MAN of Sin
2 Thess 2:3 Let no man deceive you by any means: for that day
shall not come, except there come a falling away first, and that man of sin
be revealed, the son of perdition;
2 Thess 2:4 Who opposeth and exalteth
himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as
God sitteth in the temple of God, showing himself that he is
God.
Scholars generally agree that the "man of sin" in 2 Thessalonians 2:3 is
the same entity described in Revelation as the beast whose number is 666, the
"little horn" power of Daniel 7, and the harlot riding the beast in Revelation
17. See the table in
The
Catholic Origins of Futurism and Preterism. To my knowledge, no
Catholic or Protestant scholar has ever proposed that this "antichrist" entity
could potentially be a woman. So who then is a likely candidate?
Scholars agree that the Bible is clear about a "man of sin" who will
substitute himself for God in the very temple of God. While most of the
Christian community has been told to look for a man in the future that will
fit this characteristic of Antichrist, the Vicar of Christ has already
precisely fulfilled this prophecy for centuries! When the Pope speaks
"ex-cathedra", which means from Peter's chair, Catholic's are bound to
believe his decree as though it were given from God himself!
So as the Vicar of Christ, the Pope speaks from Peter's chair, in the
Cathedral of God, declaring himself to be infallible in defining and declaring
unbiblical doctrines which he claims to be essential to salvation as though he
were God!
Is this not an exact and precise fulfillment of 2 Thessalonians 2:4
identifying the Papacy as the Antichrist?
Here is just one example of a Papal claim that fits 2 Thess 2:4-
But the supreme teacher in the Church is the Roman Pontiff. Union of
minds, therefore, requires, together with a perfect accord in the one faith,
complete submission and obedience of will to the Church and to the Roman
Pontiff, as to God Himself.
Source: Pope Leo XIII, Encyclical Letter, “On the Chief Duties of
Christians as Citizens,” dated January 10, 1890, trans. in The Great
Encyclical Letters of Pope Leo XIII (New York: Benziger, 1903), p.
193.
Here is the same encyclical SAPIENTIAE
CHRISTIANAE online.
See paragraph #22 for the above quote.
THE NUMBER 666, PAGAN SUN WORSHIP AND ANCIENT
BABYLON
"The ancients claimed that God works by mathematics. Their religion was a
conglomeration of religion, astrology, alchemy, physical and mental science,
and mathematics. Ancient astrology divided the starry heavens into 36
constellations. These were represented by different amulets called "Sigilla
Solis," or the sun seal. These amulets were worn by the pagan priests, and
they contained all the numbers from 1 to 36. By these figures they claimed
to be able to foretell future events. These amulets were usually made of
gold, yellow being the sun color. While being carried, these amulets were
wrapped in yellow silk, as it was thought that the bearer would thus receive
the beneficial powers believed to emanate from the jewel."
"These drawings from photographs taken in 1910, show actual amulets then
in the Berlin Museum. They reveal the veneration the ancients had for the
sun-god. On the front side of No.1 we see the god of the sun standing on the
lion. This indicated the sun's position in the constellation of Leo during
the hot days of August. On the back is inscribed "Nachyel," meaning
"intelligence of the sun," and in 36 squares are arranged the numerals 1 to
36 (see table 1) in such a way that adding the numbers of any column either
horizontally or vertically, and also the two diagonals crossing the square,
the total is the same- 111. The sum of the six columns, computed either
horizontally or vertically, is 6 x 111, or 666."
"The second illustration is also a solar seal, but it honors the star
Basilisco, which was the diminutive form of the Greek basileus (king), thus
meaning the same as the Latin regulus. Now, Regulus is the only
first-magnitude star in the constellation of Leo. The sun and the moon are
again clearly seen on this amulet, and on the reverse side is the same
arrangement of numerals, with the actual figure given of the total 666."
[The lower coin shows the conjunction of the Sun, Moon and the star
Regulus in the constellation of Leo the Lion that occurred on 19 August
1705.]
