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			PART I
			 
			  
			EVOLVING 
			IN A PLACE CALLED EDEN...
 
 Who are you?
 
 You read this document as a living homo sapiens 
			animal clothed in manufactured fabrics, staring into an electronic 
			communications system – you've called it the Internet – which for 
			the first time ever touched large populations of animals on planet 
			Earth in the early half of the last decade of the second millennium 
			of time since the birth of a being named Jesus.
 
			  
			
			You are a speck of 
			dust of biology on a speck of dust of geology in a revolving arm of 
			the Milky Way. As far back in time as you have been able to peer 
			through your Hubble Space Telescope, you have learned that the Milky 
			Way is one of about 150 billion vast astrophysical cyclones you call 
			galaxies, each with hundreds of billions of suns and planets. 
 A strange introduction to yourself, isn't it? Yet that is actually a 
			more complete description of you in this moment from the eyes of the 
			Cosmos and distant future history books of Earth.
 
 Whenever we think about such abstract ideas, we all seek to answer 
			the basic questions of life:
 
				
					
						
						
						Who am I? 
						
						Why am I here? 
						
						What is my 
			purpose? 
						
						What is my place? 
						 
			
			These are difficult questions to answer. 
			Let us start by looking at what we're made of. 
 You are made of Milky Way galaxy. You are made of the Cosmos. The 
			Cosmos includes everything you smell, taste, touch, hear, see, know, 
			or do. It is everything that is.
 
 We have been taught for millennia the tale of the origin of the 
			Cosmos. Scientists in the discipline of cosmology call it "the Big 
			Bang". Those faithful to the Western world's dominant religions call 
			it "Genesis". In the beginning there was a special kind of energy, 
			or light, a light that makes all things – a kind of temporal 
			potential. Billions of galaxies, trillions of stars, and an 
			uncountable number of worlds formed. On many of those worlds, when 
			of just the right size, just the right distance from their suns, 
			with just the right chemistry, as night parts with day in a rare 
			ecological harmony, the spiral of life springs forth from their 
			oceans and gardens.
 
 The Earth upon which you stand and all of the chemistry within your 
			body and in the air you breathe was formed from simpler matter as a 
			star perhaps like our sun exploded in death over 6 billion years 
			ago. It spat out atoms in forms suitable for the evolution of a 
			wondrous place such as Earth, and a being such as you. Perhaps the 
			first time we homo sapiens truly understood the majesty of Earth was 
			when we could see a picture of her. She was the cover star of Life 
			Magazine in October, 1968. For the first time in our recorded 
			history of the planet, millions of her own children – human beings – 
			saw her whole face, and understood that they were looking at the 
			home creation has made for them.
 
 It took a decade from those first Apollo images of Earth for a human 
			to loudly proclaim that our planet is a living being. In James 
			Lovelock’s Gaia, the evidence is as plain as ink on a page. There is 
			life-like precision, care, and process across all the disciplines of 
			"non-living" science --physics, astronomy, chemistry, geology, 
			meteorology --not just biology, particularly as these disciplines 
			interrelate in the definition of place suitable for human life.
 
			  
			
			If 
			we take a brief trip to visit the life on Earth, it becomes clear 
			that our world simply must be categorized as an organism herself 
			with a metabolism tuned by biology, for the sake of biology itself. 
			And since biology clearly serves the purpose of evolving 
			consciousness, it can now be said that the Earth exists to advance 
			consciousness. 
 We live upon an amazing engine of life!
 
 
			
			Life
 
				
				"Of all the planets in the solar system, why is Earth the only one 
			fit for life? Simple: because Earth has a surface that supports 
			liquid water, the magic elixir required by all living beings." 
				--James Kasting, Scientific American, 3rd Quarterly, 1998
 
			
			Oceans cover over 70 percent of the Earth’s surface. Scientists 
			theorize that the oceans formed upon the Earth’s crust through some 
			combination of liquid and gas release from the interior of the 
			planet and impact of ice-laden comets from the heavens. Whatever the 
			source of the water, there is now 350 million cubic miles of it 
			sloshing upon Earth’s crust, reaching to a depth of 36,200 feet in 
			the Pacific’s Marianas Trench, where the pressure from the weight of 
			the water is equivalent to over a thousand atmospheres. 
 The ocean is separated into its barren and fertile zones just like 
			the land. Massive rivers within the ocean called currents carry 
			water around the globe in huge circling patterns, influencing and 
			influenced by global weather systems. Powered as forcefully as they 
			are, currents move quickly only at the surface, for deep cold water 
			takes about 1,000 years to recirculate with the surface.
 
			  
			
			With the 
			remarkable exception of the ocean floor itself, where perhaps 
			millions of species of life remain undiscovered, the deep of the 
			ocean is a desert compared to the dazzling garden of beings found 
			inhabiting the more temperate, shallow zones. The upper two percent 
			of the ocean’s volume contains most biological organisms, at least 
			those familiar to us. From the smallest single-celled amoeba to the 
			largest blue whale, the ocean courses with simple, intelligent, and 
			majestic life. It might surprise you to learn that the ocean 
			supports a greater diversity of living body types than land. Indeed, 
			of 33 animal phyla, 30 describe residents of the ocean. Only 16 
			describe residents of dry land or freshwater. 
 The tree of life grows swiftly in water. Indeed, the root of the 
			tree of genetic biology spirals outward from the oceans, and has 
			turned a pregnant clump of geology into a verdant garden on the 
			land.
 
 If ever there was a true Garden of Eden, its last superpower sprawls 
			across our South American continent. No place on Earth is the 
			majesty, power, and truth of the double helix of life more 
			splendidly evident than in the depths of the jungle, across the 
			plains, in the canopy, along the mountain peaks, and near the edges 
			of this great labyrinthian river. Indeed, might not the river basin 
			itself be alive, and thinking the thoughts thought by it’s many 
			different cells --the trillions of organic life forms among millions 
			of species which it sustains and evolves?
 
 We know of no other place like this in the universe, at least none 
			most scientists believe we could ever hope to reach. All the more 
			precious this last vast preserve of Eden would then have to be to 
			the life of Earth, and to all humans. Certainly to any true 
			scientist.
 
 First, the obligatory numbers.
 
			  
			
			The Amazon basin and adjacent regions 
			in Central and South America represent 50% of the remaining 
			rainforests on the planet. The basin delivers 20 percent of 
			worldwide river water to the Atlantic ocean, from the reaches of 2.7 
			million square miles of rainforest. Its total water flow is greater 
			than that of Earth’s next eight largest rivers combined, with a 
			mouth at the ocean 200 miles wide, containing an island larger than 
			Switzerland. Oceangoing vessels can travel up the river for 2,300 
			miles, placing them much closer to the Pacific ocean than the 
			Atlantic. 
 The rainforests contain 50% of living species of life on this world, 
			yet they cover only 7% of the area of land. That 7% forms an 
			indispensable segment of the branch of the tree of life upon which 
			humanity stands at this moment.
 
 Underlying these dry numbers rests a secret of incredible majesty: 
			the rainforests are the most powerful and concentrated womb of life 
			ever created on the land of Earth.
 
 The most pervasively beautiful life form in this place is the tree. 
			Trees of every possible variety, thousands and thousands of 
			different species. Some individuals are older than the Bible, some 
			stretch as high as the length of a football field, these mighty 
			creatures shelter the biosphere of Amazonia. They shield most of the 
			sun’s light from reaching the forest floor, creating an enclosed 
			womb for the dance of life below.
 
			  
			
			At their roots, the life of the 
			jungle is a product of the geology and chemistry of Earth, and at 
			their highest leaves, they are home to the most fantastic winged 
			life forms known to man. In between soil and canopy is an infinitely 
			complex yet stable web of life, with millions of species of 
			microorganisms, plants, and animals evolving at a breathless pace. 
			Would it surprise you to learn that much of your DNA, the 
			programming in the cells of your body, is the same as within the 
			cells of these trees? It should surprise you, and it is true. 
 As you climb from the flood plains towards the mountainous peaks of 
			the Andes, the temperature drops about 1ºF for every 330 feet of 
			elevation, which means that ambient temperature can drop below 
			freezing at 16,400 feet at the equator. Hence the snowcapped peaks 
			above the hot heart of the tropics.
 
 In the steep mountains of the rainforest, the clouds themselves 
			become the integral part of the fabric of life, rather than the 
			rivers of the basin below. The clouds create an atmosphere rich in 
			water, which accumulates on leaves through condensation and 
			rainfall. In this place, the leaves themselves have evolved drip 
			systems to gently convey condensed water to the soil below.
 
 By shielding much of the sun’s light, the clouds inhibit the pace of 
			photosynthesis, thereby slowing the pace of life in the misty 
			forests below the canopy. But among the clouds, whole new forms of 
			life spring forward. The trees in this zone of our ecology are 
			coated in thick ferns and mosses, and are inhabited by thousands of 
			plants and animals of incredible variety.
 
 At night, the forest does not sleep. It is often not even completely 
			dark, as luminous fungi in the rotting leaves on the ground glow an 
			eerie green light, covering the forest floor with a veil of light 
			like a living Christmas decoration. And in this almost silent night, 
			the luminous fireflies have there way too.
 
 In the rainforests you will find plants that eat only air, sun and 
			soil, plants that eat plants, and plants that eat animals. You will 
			find plants that can survive 50-foot floods and plants that 
			withstand the harshest of droughts. You will find plants larger than 
			airplanes and smaller than pinheads.
 
			  
			
			You will find plants bearing 
			all manner of fruits, undiscovered thousands with the most 
			mysterious healing powers, some with fruit containing 30 times the 
			Vitamin C of citrus, and a few with the most lethal toxins known to 
			science. 
 
			
			Animals
 
 The fruit of the kingdom of plants is the kingdom of animals, and it 
			is yet more majestic. Animals are far more sophisticated creatures 
			than plants. On Earth, there have been the smallest insects, and the 
			largest dinosaurs. There have been the most curious beetles and the 
			most frightening spiders; the slowest turtle and the fastest falcon; 
			the florescent green frog, and the bright red snake; the 
			sound-navigating bat and the electric eel; the homing pigeon and the 
			childlike dolphin; the most gentle kitten and the fiercest tiger; 
			the finest horse and the fattest cow.
 
 Living today, the smallest animals are the chlamydia and rickettsia 
			bacteria, and are only a few hundred atoms in diameter. The longest 
			insect is the pharnacia serratipes of Indonesia, measuring up to 13 
			inches. The longest worm is the bootlace worm, and has been recorded 
			at lengths up to 100 feet. The oldest form of animal on Earth are 
			the deep-sea snails, which have not changed in 500 million years.
 
			  
			
			The fastest land animal is the cheetah, reaching speeds up to 60 
			miles per hour. The largest animal is the blue whale, with one 
			individual found to measure over 110 feet long. The world's largest 
			carnivore – the sperm whale – also has the world's heaviest brain. 
			At 20 pounds, it's four times heavier than the human brain. The only 
			cold warm-blooded mammal is the Arctic ground squirrel, which can 
			lower its body temperature below freezing. 
 What absolute cosmic majesty!
 
 Animals live lives of wildly different durations. The longest 
			authenticated human life in modern times is 120 years. For a 
			housefly, the longest life has been about 2 months. The cat, 34 
			years. The goldfish, 41 years. The orca, 90 years. The tortoise, 150 
			years. Yet scientists do not yet know exactly why animals age the 
			way they do.
 
 There are some 10-30 million species of animal on planet Earth. Of 
			these, we have catalogued only about 
			1.2 million. Each year, 10,000 new species are added to the list of 
			forms not already included in zoological classifications. Thousands 
			of these wondrous forms of creatures face extinction because of the 
			environmental hubris of the human animal. We are not simply killing 
			animals. We are burning the blueprints that made them.
 
 As with the plant kingdom, the mecca for animal life is the 
			rainforest. In the Amazon, there are animals that live in the sky, 
			never to cross underneath the canopy below. There are animals that 
			live only amongst the branches. There are animals that live on the 
			ground, others only under the soil, and yet thousands of species 
			that scurry all over. Some animals eat plants, others eat animals, 
			and still others are omnivores.
 
			  
			
			Some are day creatures, while many 
			roam only unseen in the black of night. 
 There are 30 pound rodents with webbed feet. There are tapirs, 
			distant relatives of rhinos, zebras and horses, with an aquatically 
			adapted fused nose and lip system. This accommodates their penchant 
			for swimming, and is used to spray water at attacking dogs. One 
			remarkable creature is the basilisk lizard, also known as the Jesus 
			Christ lizard because of its ability to literally run over water. It 
			would be impossible for humans to emulate this action, because the 
			size, shape, and power of our legs are not evolved to accommodate 
			such a rapid-fire energy-consuming propulsion task.
 
 Tending the garden's soil are the ants. A mature community of 
			leaf-cutter ants can have as many as three million members. These 
			animals are the gardeners of the forest because they carry leaves 
			into underground chambers, not to eat, but to use as food for the 
			fungus gardens they cultivate. These colonies play vital roles in 
			returning plant nutrients into the deep soil, for the cycle of life 
			to continue.
 
 There are stunningly colored species of frogs, many mysteriously 
			disappearing, whose biological powers are remarkable. Not only do 
			their skin pigments warn predators of their extreme toxicity, but 
			many species possess a potent antibacterial substance on their skins 
			which may hold promise for human disease prevention. And living in 
			the land of these frogs are thousands of species of insects, 
			spiders, scorpions, and other crawling creatures, many of which are 
			colored and patterned so finely matched to their habitat that they 
			are essentially invisible.
 
 The snakes of the rainforest are as amazing as the frogs and 
			lizards. Across Asia, Africa and America are the bushmasters, coral 
			snakes, rattlesnakes, vipers, cobras, and mambas. Of course, we seem 
			to know best the giants of them all, the boas, pythons, and 
			anaconda, which kill by constriction and consume their prey whole. 
			But one of the most striking snakes is the flying snake, which has 
			no wings to fly, but has a body shape which allows it glide as much 
			as 165 feet with little loss in altitude. For millennia humans have 
			feared the snakes of the jungle, but this fear is largely unfounded. 
			Most scientific teams have adventured in the jungles for years 
			without single instances of snake bites.
 
			  
			
			The most common deaths 
			resulting from snakebites occur on farms. 
 There is the giant anteater, which forages for food in the form of 
			termites exclusively on the forest floor, while its lesser cousins 
			exploit both the floor and the canopy. Then there are the 
			slow-moving sloths with what you'd swear are permanent smiles on 
			their faces, looking like they're just fine with an 
			other-than-A-type lifestyle. They really don't need to move all that 
			much, because they can turn their heads in a 270 degree radius.
 
 Of the exceptional large mammals of the Amazon, the jaguar is the 
			king cat. The jaguar climbs among the trees and swims among the 
			rivers, feeding upon the fish, alligators, and primates of the 
			jungle. These carnivores hunt either through stalking or ambush, and 
			they will take almost anything on. Indeed, large cats dominate the 
			tops of food chains in all major rainforests in the world.
 
 The primates – the closest large classification of animals to the 
			human, live at all strata of the rainforests of Earth. These 
			creatures are stunningly beautiful and remarkably human-like. The 
			face-painted mandrill, the scarlet-faced uakari. The swinging 
			orangutan. The howling monkey. The macaque. The gibbon. The striking 
			black and white diurnal lemur. The stunning red-haired tamarin, 
			being rescued from the brink of extinction by biologists in Brazil.
 
			  
			
			The tiny, one-pound marmoset. The nectar drinking, white-faced 
			capuchin monkey. The cousin to the human, the chimpanzee, often seen 
			clutching, grooming, feeding, playing with, and generally loving 
			their children. And we find the largest ape, the gorilla, threatened 
			of extinction by civil war among homo sapiens animals in Rwanda. 
 To the cloud forests large mammals rarely go. But in this elevated 
			paradise, countless animals flourish. Tree-dwelling monkeys with 
			hauntingly-human looking faces stare at us through our camera film. 
			Hundreds of variety of scurrying mammals inhabit the holes, nooks, 
			and knots of the trees. Scores of species of bats navigate through 
			the dusk, like the vampire bat, which consumes only the blood of 
			other animals. And at night, as we shine flashlights into the dark, 
			we see thousands of pairs of reflecting retinas staring back at us 
			from the deep, indicating that the forest remains very much awake. 
			The most frightening ocular reflections are those of the caiman 
			crocodiles, peering back from the surface of the dark flowing 
			waters.
 
 Up in the canopy, the birds are the most beautiful creatures. The 
			resplendent quetzals. A stunning variety of hummingbirds hover 
			amongst the flowering plants of the forests. The toucans, macaws, 
			eagles, parrots, cotingas, and cacique birds live among the emergent 
			trees where hawks and vultures also land to perch. The vulture's 
			large cousin, the Andean condor, gracefully glides above the trees, 
			with a wingspan of over 10 feet. Under the canopy fly the 
			woodpeckers, trogons, jacamars, and puffbirds. At eye level you will 
			see ant birds, tanagers, flycatchers, and manakins, and on the 
			forest floor, tinamous, ground doves and wrens.
 
 All of these animals live within and contribute to an incredibly 
			harmonious symphony of biology. Every animal in Amazonia is a basic 
			part of the ecosystem we call life.
 
 Perhaps the most remarkable thing for modern humans to learn from 
			the biota of Earth is that the human may be the most sophisticated 
			Earth-based life form in terms of its collection of capabilities, 
			but it is far from the most sophisticated in terms of its 
			specialized capabilities. Plants directly convert inorganic 
			chemistry into the food of life. We do not. Some plants can live for 
			thousands of years. We cannot.
 
			  
			
			Hawks can spot a mouse from hundreds 
			of feet away. We cannot. Cheetahs can outrun an automobile. We 
			cannot. Pigeons can home. Some snakes can see infrared light. 
			Electric eels can shock. Bats use sonar to see a vivid image in a 
			pitch black night. Some sea life can smell across their entire 
			bodies. Some animals can see in two places at once. Some animals can 
			fly with wings. Some animals can exist in water. Some animals can 
			walk on water. Some animals can biologically clone themselves. 
 We can do none of these things... yet.
 
 These are truly majestic, awe-inspiring creatures, with kinds of 
			abilities we would ascribe to science fiction if possessed by a 
			human. What symphony is life! It is the music of time, the music of 
			creation.
 
 We are just as remarkable, for the human is the only animal 
			presently native to Earth that can read and write, and even then 
			only in the last few thousand years. We have just begun the process 
			of learning about our Cosmos.
 
 There are some 6 billion individual homo sapiens animals presently 
			living on Earth. Human animals have evolved to communicate through 
			physical gestures and vocal sounds, organized in temporal patterns 
			called speech, and have learned to record these communications 
			through the process of reading and writing. A human's brain is 
			sufficiently advanced for it to be able to correlate observations of 
			itself and its surroundings. Possessed with remembered senses and 
			the ability to interpret time --periodicity, duration, and precision 
			--the human has evolved a way to manipulate its future. Homo sapiens 
			animals refer to themselves individually as "me" and collectively as 
			"we".
 
 We have become a flower, long since evolved from seed of the plant 
			that created us.
 
 Human beings are undergoing evolution of the mind as the ability to 
			observe is enhanced through technology and perhaps biology of our 
			own imagination. The rapid rise in our ability to acquire truth 
			through observation has, in the past 100 years, given us a most 
			remarkable and I believe physically significant new sense, what you 
			might call a sixth sense: the ability to see into time – both the 
			past and the future. This sense of prediction exists in the mind 
			alone, as the synthesis of the perception of the past and the 
			imagination of the future.
 
			  
			
			The human is now made even more 
			remarkably unique because of its rapidly growing ability to learn 
			history and predict the future from knowledge drawn from 
			dramatically enhanced skills and tools of observation – skills such 
			as science and tools such as telescopes. The more truth we perceive, 
			the better we predict change. 
 What wondrous revolutions in the history of worlds must occur when 
			its most advanced beings come into such power? How powerful and 
			sacred must evolution be, to have created such beings as we? As you 
			and I evolve to be able to know more through greater and greater 
			powers of observation, what secrets of time will we be able to 
			predict, or even at some point "see" in our mind’s eye? Might we 
			someday be able to reverse this power of observation and "make" 
			reality with imagination alone?
 
 Whatever we may see or do in the future, we must pause now and look 
			upon the history that I have just briefly described, all 15 billion 
			years that we know of.
 
 What an incredibly precious legacy of creation are we! Even though 
			I've known and studied it for years, my jaw still drops whenever I 
			consider the majesty of our history.
 
 The Cosmos has labored for billions of years to produce us. 
			Regardless of what life may exist outside of Earth, we know that we 
			are unique and special, for whatever life outer space may hold for 
			us to find, we know that we are rare in time. Our gestation just to 
			the point of reaching homo sapiens has been one of incredible 
			majesty, through hundreds of millions of human generations worth of 
			time. And the combination of all human mechanical or electrical 
			technology ever invented pales in comparison to the simple beauty of 
			a single fish in the sea, let alone a human being. The Cosmos simply 
			must have wanted to create beings like us.
 
 What other forms of animal are we likely to meet one day as we 
			venture into the Cosmos? What capabilities might they possess which 
			perhaps lay undeveloped or nonexistent in homo sapiens? And how 
			might we acquire such powers? Will it be a natural process, or a 
			derivative technology? Both?
 
 As we prepare to ask yet the most important questions of our future, 
			we must ask ourselves a deeply profound question: what from this 
			distant past of creation do we wish to take with us, as a species, 
			into the distant future? We often ask this question for knowledge 
			recently acquired to be reused soon, but almost never do we ask this 
			question with an eye for eternity.
 
			  
			
			Evolution has taught us that only 
			the most robust and stable creations will survive over time. If we 
			wish to make our distant future the brightest it can be, what are 
			the core principles we must learn from our past in order to flourish 
			in the crucible of billions of years of future evolution? 
 We shall address this question later.
 
 
			
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			to Contents 
			
			 
			  
			  
			  
			EVOLVING 
			IN A PLACE CALLED EDEN IS A PROMISING YOUNG CIVILIZATION...
 
 Look at the headlines seriously this past week. Observe the 
			magnitude of the issues in play, in the history of civilization:
 
				
					
					
					The White House and Congress are locked in battle over the 
			significance of the President's lies told while under the oath of 
			truth. 
					
					The first "city in space" is under construction. 
					
					
					Spacecraft are heading out to survey asteroids and physically 
			examine the polar caps of Mars. 
					
					A single European currency has begun its life. 
					
					
					Uneasy truce remains between Catholic and Protestant. 
					
					
					Peace or war between Arab and Jew to be determined by election. 
					
					
					Confrontation of superpower and dictator has the world watching. 
					
					
					Preparations are underway for an unprecedented test of computing 
			technology at Year 2000. 
					
					Rise and fall of modern national economies abroad troubles the 
			world. 
					
					Brutal weather patterns and systems continue to circle the globe.
					 
			You are participating in all of this, every concept, person, event, 
			headline, and consequence as the Cosmos unfolds time. 
 Richard P. McBrien in his book Catholicism has related in striking 
			metaphor the radical degree to which human history has changed in 
			the last tiny fraction of our human existence.
 
			  
			He notes that if the 
			last fifty thousand years were divided into periods of sixty-two 
			year life spans, we’ve enjoyed eight hundred lifetimes. 
			 
				
				"Six-hundred 
			and fifty were spent in caves. Only during the last seventy 
			lifetimes has it been possible to communicate through the written 
			word, and only during the last six lifetimes has the human community 
			had access to the printed word."  
			We traveled by camel caravan before the Christian era, at about 
			eight miles per hour. This form of travel was common for just under 
			eight thousand years, until the chariot, which pushed human travel 
			to 20 mph. Steam locomotion of the early nineteenth century allowed 
			speed of only thirteen miles per hour, and the sailing ships, before 
			and after, were slower still. By the latter part of the nineteenth 
			century, with improvements in the steam engine, we reached speeds of 
			100 mph. 
			 
			  
			As McBrien notes, it had taken this hominid species 
			millions of years to be able to communicate with each other and 
			travel to each other. Then, in a revolution during the last part of 
			the last one of our eight hundred lives of the last fifty thousand 
			years, we have seen planes, jets, rockets, and space travel with 
			astronauts and space capsules and the capacity to reach Neptune and 
			one of its moons, and send back computer-enhanced photographs from 
			celestial bodies at the edge of our solar system. 
 And during just the last lifetime, we have seen the rise of 
			literacy, telegraph, telephones, radio, television, transistors; and 
			computers, microchips, and the Internet; and radio telescopes and 
			space probes with the capacity to send and receive messages to the 
			outer reaches of space. Perhaps the most haunting and emotive of all 
			advancements in communications recorded in our lifetime are the 
			images from the Hubble Space Telescope --humanity’s first 
			clear-vision eye peering into the secret places of the history of 
			the heavens.
 
 Clearly we live in an important time.
 
 But what knowledge of history has the culture of the United States, 
			the bastion of Western idealism, left in the minds of its children? 
			Instead of McBrian’s yardstick of time at 800 lifetimes in 62 year 
			units, let us resolve further to human generations, for simplicity’s 
			sake let’s say averaging just over 20 years from time one gives 
			birth to the next. By that reckoning, what is the state of mind of 
			our newest generation, the last in 2400 human generations over 
			50,000 years?
 
 Circling recently on the Internet was a simplistic but wonderful 
			answer to this question, adapted below.
 
 The people who left high school last spring across the U.S. were 
			born in 1980. They have no meaningful recollection of the Reagan era 
			and did not know he had ever been shot. They were prepubescent when 
			the Persian Gulf War was waged. Black Monday 1987 is as significant 
			to them as the Great Depression. There has only been one Pope.
 
 They can only really remember reading about one president. They were 
			11 when the Soviet Union broke apart and do not remember the Cold 
			War. They have never feared a nuclear war. "The Day After" is a pill 
			to them, not a movie. CCCP is just a bunch of letters. They have 
			only known one Germany. They are too young to remember the Space 
			shuttle blowing up, and Tienamin Square means nothing to them. They 
			do not know who Momar Qadafi is.
 
			  
			The New Deal is most likely a 
			rebate on a new VW Beetle. 
 Their lifetime has always included AIDS. They never had a Polio shot 
			and likely do not know what it is. Bottle caps have not only always 
			been screw off, but have always been plastic. They have no idea what 
			a pull top can looks like. Atari pre-dates them, as do vinyl albums. 
			The expression "you sound like a broken record" means nothing to 
			them. They have never owned a record player. They don’t enjoy 
			playing Pac Man and have never heard of Pong. Star Wars looks very 
			fake, and the special effects are pathetic. There have always been 
			red M&M's, and blue ones are not new.
 
			  
			What do you mean there used to 
			be beige ones? 
 They may have heard of an 8-track, but chances are they probably 
			have never actually seen or heard one. The Compact Disc was 
			introduced when they were 1 year old. As far as they know, stamps 
			have always cost about 32 cents. Zip codes have always had a dash in 
			them. They have always had an answering machine. Most have never 
			seen a TV set with only 13 channels, nor have they seen a black and 
			white TV. They have always had cable. There have always been VCR's, 
			but they have no idea what Beta is. They cannot fathom not having a 
			remote control. They were born the year that the Walkman was 
			introduced by Sony.
 
 Rollerskating has always meant inline for them. They have never 
			heard of King Cola, Burger Chef, The Globe Democrat, Pan AM or Ozark 
			Airlines. The Tonight Show has always been hosted by Jay Leno. They 
			have no idea when or why Jordache jeans were cool. Popcorn has 
			always been cooked in a microwave. They have never seen and remember 
			a game that included the St. Louis Football Cardinals, the Baltimore 
			Colts, the Minnesota North Stars, the Kansas City Kings, the New 
			Orleans Jazz, the Minnesota Lakers, the Atlanta Flames, or the 
			Denver Rockies (NHL hockey, that is).
 
			  
			They do not consider the 
			Colorado Rockies, the Florida Marlins, the Florida Panthers, the 
			Ottawa Senators, the San Jose Sharks, or the Tampa Bay Lightning 
			"expansion teams." 
 They have never seen Larry Bird play, and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar is a 
			football player. They never took a swim petrified by the idea of 
			Jaws. The Vietnam War is as ancient history to them as WWI, WWII or 
			even the Civil War. They have no idea that Americans were ever held 
			hostage in Iran. They can't imagine what hard contact lenses are.
 
			  
			They don't know who Mork was or where he was from. They never heard 
			the terms "Where's the beef?", "I'd walk a mile for Camel", or "de 
			plane, de plane!". They do not care who shot J.R. and have no idea 
			who J.R. is. M.A.S.H., The Cosby Show, The Facts of Life, Silver 
			Spoons, The Love Boat, Miami Vice, WKRP in Cincinnati, and Taxi are 
			shows they have likely never seen. 
 The Titanic was found? They didn't know it was lost. Michael Jackson 
			has always been white. They cannot remember the Cardinals ever 
			winning a World Series, or even being in one. Kansas, Chicago, 
			Boston, America and Alabama are places, not groups. McDonalds never 
			came in Styrofoam containers.
 
 Very few have felt the deep emotion from the hand-me-down memories 
			of World War II and the Holocaust. Fewer still have any recollection 
			of the basis for the Cold War. Almost none can personally relate the 
			two World Wars together, distinguishing or even remembering their 
			teachings for the future of the world. The term appeasement doesn’t 
			ring a bell for them. Neither do they admire Churchill as a hero, if 
			they even know why they should.
 
 Do you feel old now?
 
			  
			Remember, the lucky few of the people who don't 
			know these things will be in college this year. 
 And in four years, they'll be part of the workforce. I hope college 
			teaches them well.
 
 Ungrounded in technical history they may be, this new generation is 
			the most innately conscious of all before it. It has been barraged 
			with the loudest, most, biggest, brightest, strongest, tastiest, 
			foulest, best and worst that western marketing can offer, all 
			delivered in THX sound, with digital fidelity, on widescreen, at 
			400Mhz and at 28.8Kbps, or better yet 56, or even better, a megabit 
			over a cable modem.
 
			  
			To the older generation, if you don’t know what 
			those words mean, let it be your clue to the vast, valuable and 
			potent new advanced culture now leaping up on its own two feet, as 
			the very skeletal and nervous system of our future civilization. 
 Despite all this noise, or perhaps because of it, this new 
			generation is more resonant with the soft, subtle, true qualities of 
			life than any before. Their culture reveals it in the way they talk, 
			dress, eat, work and socialize. They have no desire for war. They 
			have an intuitive concern for the world, a concern that leaves some 
			depressed, others lost, some on a returning path to religion, and a 
			few motivated like crazy to save the Earth from humanity.
 
			  
			Most of 
			them feel powerless in a society where the only thing that seems to 
			have power is money. They have the least desire for amassing wealth 
			since their great-grandparents’ generation, which, incidentally, was 
			in the previous 62-year life span. Sometimes the best advances can 
			come only after funerals for arthritic minds. 
 It is this new generation that will carry our world into the future, 
			perhaps through some of our greatest crises, certainly through some 
			of our most painful challenges, and hopefully into the grandest of 
			discoveries.
 
			  
			Let us teach these young men and women well, for we are 
			entrusting the future of the world to them, and humanity’s future 
			across the Cosmos. 
 
			
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