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			Nexus Magazine, 
			Volume 4, #4 (June-July 1997) 
			  
			  
			
			RECENT EXOTIC AUSTRALIAN LIGHT-ENERGY EVENTS
 
			Whilst researching the 1993 Banjawarn fireball-explosion-earthquake 
			incident, I became aware of an entirely different spectrum of 
			bizarre, non-fireball-related light phenomena events reportedly 
			being observed in our skies by very reliable Western Australian bush 
			observers (such as those who described the fireballs over the town 
			of Tom Price). In common with the fireball events, these events were 
			rarely, if ever, being reported in the press and do not appear to 
			have been commented upon by our scientific community.
 
			These events vary in style, but nearly all involve essentially 
			static atmospheric light- emission events that have apparently never 
			been reported or observed before the 1980s, have been reported 
			rarely post-1985, but now have an increasing event periodicity in 
			post-1993 years.
 
 One such event type commonly reported consists of massive 
			high-energy five-to-ten-second bursts of blue-white light seen in 
			the night-time skies of the upper atmosphere. Such events have been 
			reported in WA by many observers including meteor experts and 
			amateur astronomers who are categorically certain that these are not 
			transient light bursts due to single meteors or multiple meteor 
			showers.
 
 Normally, no massive object or moving light source is seen in 
			association with these events. However, the massive blue-white light 
			energy emissions are at times quite similar in power output to those 
			very bright, blue-white light flash events often reported occurring 
			in conjunction with fireballs and their ’explosion’ (as described in 
			Part 1 of this article series).
 
 Similar events involving massive blue-white light burst emissions 
			have also been reported as occurring at ground level. For example, 
			one October 1994 incident that was seen from Minara station (50 
			kilometers east of Leonora in the Eastern Goldfields of WA) possibly 
			involved a night-time UFO landing and small beings with torches 
			combing around the station buildings. The exotic, brilliant 
			blue-white flare was observed at ground level as the alleged alien 
			spacecraft accelerated off the nearby Minara airstrip. The light 
			from this flash lit up the entirely dark station buildings in a 
			brilliant and "beautiful" blue-grey glow silhouette.
 
 Another 1996 night-time incident was observed near Rocky Gully in 
			the south-west of WA and was described as a very scary event where 
			massive blue-white streamers of arcing electricity issued from the 
			forest floor into the atmosphere, creating an intense, violent, 
			blue-white glow (and an attendant "electrical noise") that was 
			visible for miles-"like someone with a giant arc welder". This event 
			persisted for at least several minutes. The observers fled the area 
			in fear for their lives, phased out by the apparently enormous 
			energy involved in the event.
 
 These massive energy bursts of high-altitude, blue-white light 
			and/or ground-level electrical arcs are reasonably common and I have 
			about 100 such documented events in the WA database. Publicity from 
			my first NEXUS article has resulted in three similar events-one of 
			them from eastern Victoria-being reported to me. I am unaware of any 
			such similar events being reported historically in the literature 
			anywhere on planet Earth-except as referred to below in connection 
			with circa-1900 high-frequency, high-voltage EM wave experiments by Nikola Tesla.
 
 Other exotic events involve post-1993 night-time and daytime 
			observations of golden-orange or silver-blue-white beams or 
			cylinders of energy propagating vertically downward from high 
			altitude and hitting the Earth’s surface-with no noise or surface 
			damage and no thunderstorm activity reported-usually in isolated 
			outback areas.
 
 Another style of light-energy emission event being observed involves 
			orange-red-colored forms hanging statically in the night sky. 
			Commonly pencil-beam-shaped (vertical or at 45 degrees), but 
			including rare spherical forms, this style of event has been 
			reported since about 1985, with an apparent increase since about 
			1990 but with many more sightings reported since 1993. Some 100 such 
			events have been reported.
 
 Luckily, in this case, an alert amateur meteor astronomer, 
			experienced in night-time astrophotography, has captured one such 
			case on film. John Goldsmith photographed this beam from his home in
			Bedfordale (east of Fremantle in the Darling Ranges) at about 9.50 
			pm on 24 May 1990. John’s photographs are shown on the following 
			pages.
 
 I took a compass reading (at the spot indicated by John Goldsmith 
			near his telescope observing platform) across the trees as visible 
			in photos 2-4. The bearing was about 262-263 degrees magnetic (local 
			deviation is a degree or less as is the compass and reconstruction 
			accuracy). The beam bearing is on a direct line to the "prohibited" 
			area of the Fremantle Garden Island Naval Base.
 
 This "island", or promontory, is riddled with underground 
			installations from World War II when it was used as a submarine base 
			by the US Navy/British Royal Navy/Royal Australian Navy. The 
			southern end of Garden Island is occupied by HMAS Stirling - our 
			current submarine base - where most of the Australian Collins Class 
			subs are to be based. Naval yards are also present under the beam 
			bearing on the mainland.
 
 Although we cannot deduce the exact range of the beam, it has to be 
			fairly close to the observer as it is in front of the clouds and 
			lights up some of them. It is therefore a good bet that this beam 
			was hanging above, or very close to, the Garden Island naval 
			facility.
 
 John Goldsmith had come out of his house that night to do some 
			astronomical telescope work. He saw the orange beam hanging 
			vertically in the sky and raced back inside for his camera. Being 
			used to capturing transient meteorite events, he knew exactly how to 
			set up the photo. He used 400 ASA film on settings of 30 seconds, 60 
			seconds, 120 seconds and 120 seconds for photos 1 to 4 respectively.
 
 John stated that the beam lit up some clouds and was not as bright 
			as the images captured on film-probably due to light capture in the 
			exposure time, or perhaps his recall of the intensity is a bit out. 
			The beam did not appear to move around or change much over the five 
			to six minutes that it was in view, but John was concentrating hard 
			on the camera.
 
 A video reconstruction utilizing his four photos, each registered on 
			the same bright stars, demonstrates that, indeed, the beam location 
			is entirely static over the duration of the event. Finally, after 
			about five to six minutes, the beam just faded away to nothing. 
			There was no sound event.
 
 The stars are seen to move over the exposure time, and possibly the 
			centre of orange light intensity changes a bit, downwards along the 
			beam. The overall beam light energy varies up and down in intensity 
			from photo to photo-possibly due to the varying film exposure times 
			or variations in the beam’s actual light-emission intensity.
 
 On the original colour photos one can see beside the orange beam a 
			band of weaker red lines, then blue lines, then an even weaker band 
			of red lines, and then blue lines again, as follows (to the left of 
			the major beam): O RRR BBB rrr bbb, and so on. Note that similar 
			spectra also exist to the right side of the beam. The spectral lines 
			are distributed either side of the major orange beam across a 
			considerable width of sky-at least twice the length of the visible 
			beam length and possibly more. These photos also suggest that a ’ghost’
			basal tail of the central major beam goes much lower, 
			possibly to ground level.
 
 The photos were taken in the dark at about 9.50 pm (sunset here in 
			WA on 24 May 1990 was at about 5.30 pm). Note that the near-vertical 
			white line on the left hand side of image no. 2 is an original film 
			glitch and not an event of the time.
 
 It was originally suggested that this beam was an effect created by 
			a ground-based laser, but checks by atmospheric scientists who 
			employ such devices in Australia and the USA have completely 
			discounted such a theory. One major problem is that the light-form 
			appears well up in the atmosphere and is not connected to any 
			ground-based laser. Another problem is the large width of the beam 
			when compared to normal pencil-thick laser probes which are normally 
			only visible within two kilometers of the beam. In addition, there 
			are harmonic spectral lines visible across the image.
 
 Another suggestion was that the beam is a searchlight, yet it cannot 
			be a normal searchlight as it appears at high altitude with no 
			connection from ground level. It also has no conical section 
			diverging upwards, and it has exotic parallel harmonic spectral 
			lines.
 
 In 1991 a Japanese astronomy magazine published an article with a 
			very poor black/white version of the photo, suggesting the main beam 
			was caused by refraction of ships’ lights by a horizontal layer of 
			different density air. If so, why has this effect not been 
			previously documented anywhere over the world’s oceans?
 
 I now have many eyewitness accounts of such vertical orange beams 
			seen at night over land over the past two years here in WA. These 
			land locations are generally uninhabited and have no light sources 
			(such as searchlights, etc.) for refraction by air layers as 
			suggested by the Japanese magazine.
 
 One 1996 Brisbane beam event report was very significant as the 
			observers saw very-high-voltage, blue-white discharge streamers 
			issuing from their house wall-mounted mains power box as an orange 
			beam hovered nearby in the sky. Members of another household 
			reported their power box hummed violently as the orange beam hovered 
			some distance away in the sky.
 
 This data confirms the probability that Tesla-style longitudinal 
			scalar EM potentials were involved in this Brisbane event (and 
			therefore were possibly present during the other beam events), 
			probably created by a remote Tesla EM transmitter and issuing from 
			local space-time ’vacuum’ at the standing wave target node, i.e., 
			the beam location.
 
 One quite feasible explanation for the orange beams is that they are 
			due to electromagnetic ’holograms’ of light-energy being emitted 
			from invisible but concentrated slugs of EM standing waves. Such 
			waves may be of natural (e.g. Earth stress lights), human or alien 
			origin, but all involving multiple scalar EM wave interference.
 
 The massive, high-altitude, blue-white light energy flashes are 
			possibly due to Tesla EM wave emission coupling briefly with the 
			upper atmosphere, whereas the ground-level flashes are possibly due 
			to the operation of a Tesla Magnifying Transmitter (located either 
			in Australia or overseas) that is transmitting EM energy through the 
			planet to the antipodean target site where electrical arc energy is 
			being violently released.
 
 None of the reported events involving either blue-white light energy 
			flashes or orange-red beams or spheres occurred during or near any 
			kind of electrical storm or unsettled weather pattern. There is a 
			possibility of some unknown natural phenomenon electrically charging 
			selected Earth fault plane systems across WA, thence creating huge 
			"Earth stress lights" hanging above selected energy concentrations.
 
 Solar charged-particle output, coupling in some peculiar style with 
			the Earth’s ionosphere/surface, is a further possibility, but this 
			implies that there has been a very significant recent change in the 
			Earth-Sol electromagnetic and/or electrostatic equilibrium.
 
 Such powerful and localized exotic light events, occurring in large 
			numbers and in such a relatively short time-span of a few years, 
			have never been previously reported from WA, or anywhere else on 
			planet Earth, in documented scientific history.
 
 However, on occasion, isolated single high-energy (Earth stress 
			light?) events have been reported; e.g., in Eastern Tibet in 1947, 
			prior to the Red Chinese invasion, a large earthquake struck this 
			border area and was followed by huge, high-power, orange-red glows 
			of spherical light-forms which hung for days over the eastern sky. 
			Buddhist monks reported that these apparitions were visible from 
			Lhasa and they considered them at the time to be very evil omens 
			(and correctly so!).
 
 These Australian events are very high-power events and should not 
			mistakenly be compared with the average, isolated and very rare, 
			low-power "Earth stress light" and/or "min-min light" reports as 
			occasionally observed near seismically active earthquake zones and 
			only rarely reported in historical literature.
 
 The concentrated high energies involved in the recent Australian 
			fireball and associated events and in the exotic static light 
			events, as well as their increasing event periodicities, suggest a 
			non-natural origin, or possibly a rapidly evolving natural system of 
			unknown type.
 
 At this time, scalar EM wave interference is the preferred physics 
			mechanism for the formation of both fireballs and their 
			associated 
			phenomena as well as the exotic static light emission events.
 
 Alien UFO activities cannot be completely discounted, but they do 
			not fit the available human intelligence pattern which strongly 
			points to Earth-based technological activity.
 
 
			  
			
			BANJAWARN NUCLEAR BOMB SCENARIO?
 
			During my early research enquiries in 1995 into the "Banjawarn Bang" 
			of 28 May 1993, Australia’s ABC radio broadcast a news item from the 
			USA referring to US Senator Sam Nunn who was chairman of a US Senate 
			Inquiry into the "Japanese Aum Sect and Weapons of Mass 
			Destruction". Nunn was reported to have stated that the Senate 
			inquiry team had evidence that the Aum Supreme Truth (Aum Shinrikyo) 
			sect had attempted to purchase nuclear weapons from the Russians and 
			had also attempted to develop same from their own scientific 
			laboratory base-and had probably succeeded.
 
			  
			I became worried that, 
			since the 28 May 1993 Goldfields event did have characteristics 
			similar to a nuclear blast, possibly these Aum sect loonies had 
			indeed acquired nuclear weapons and some sort of pulse jet (i.e., 
			Nazi V1 type cruise missile) delivery system.
 I contacted Dan Gelber, chief counsel of the US Senate inquiry, and 
			told him of my data and research. His agitated response was: "Please 
			express airpack everything that you have to us asap-at our expense." 
			I complied with his request, and also spoke to him and his assistant 
			several times more on the phone.
 
 I now believe that, although the energies involved in the Banjawarn 
			event were of nuclear-bomb power level, the explosion was not of 
			nuclear but of scalar EM technology origin.
 
 
			  
			
			THE TESLA CONNECTION
 
			In an early telephone call, Dan Gelber informed me that the US had 
			found evidence that in 1992 the Aum sect had sent a research team to 
			study at the Nikola Tesla Museum in Belgrade, 
			Yugoslavia. Their 
			objective was to get data on Tesla’s electromagnetic wave 
			transmission technology, as related to an earthquake-inducing 
			weapons system. Gelber, being a lawyer, did not seem to understand 
			much about this weapons system, but discussed it ’in passing’ as 
			evidence for the Aum sect’s deep desire to obtain exotic new weapons 
			systems with potential for mass destruction-such as nuclear bombs, 
			nerve gas technology, etc.
 
 Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) was the scientific genius who singlehandedly invented 
			modern AC electrical rotating fields and 
			electrical generators, motors, plus radio (Marconi apparently stole 
			Tesla’s ideas whilst apprenticed at Tesla’s New York laboratory) and 
			a host of other electrical and electromagnetic devices. Most of the 
			foundations of modern 20th century electrical 
			civilization is due to 
			Tesla’s pioneering work in the period 1880-1908.
 
 As it happens, I have a large library of Tesla’s works and many 
			books written about him. Tesla’s electromagnetics and his 
			understanding of physics have always intrigued me and I have spent 
			many hours pouring over his patents, attempting to visualize the 
			circuits and his understanding.
 
 I was greatly intrigued by Gelber’s comments and pondered over their 
			possible significance, if any, to the Banjawarn events of 28 May 
			1993. I began to reread my Tesla library, searching for any possibly 
			relevant information.
 
 
			  
			
			TELEGEODYNAMICS AND TESLA WAVES
 
			I found references to Tesla constructing a vibrating mechanical 
			oscillator with a perfect periodicity that he used to ’ping’ the 
			Earth. He also tried it out on his laboratory building structure and 
			found that when it received a return signal of longitudinal (i.e.,
			scalar) seismic or sound wave energy it added a new impulse "ping" 
			to the return. After a few minutes this wave reinforcement built to 
			such a level that harmonic oscillatory forces created local ground 
			earthquakes and/or began to vibrate the target building to pieces. 
			Tesla built this device to provide a mechanical analogy to his
			EM 
			wave research and to help him visualize the system dynamics.
 
 Tesla describes taking a sledgehammer to one of his first devices, 
			as this was the only method capable of stopping the rapid collapse 
			of his laboratory and nearby buildings which were all vibrating 
			increasingly violently and in sympathy with the mechanical 
			oscillator’s seismic wave packets.
 
 There were vague references in the literature to Tesla’s mechanical telegeodynamics theories coupled to suggestions that he could create 
			the same seismic effects with EM "Tesla waves", as produced by his 
			"Magnifying Energy Transmitter" - a giant Tesla coil linked to a 
			special circuit design and a large, spherically shaped ’aerial’.
 
 Tesla utilized these "Tesla waves"-longitudinal (scalar)
			EM waves 
			(like sound waves) of pure electrostatic potential with no ’E’ 
			(electrical) or ’H’ (magnetic) transverse vibrational fields. He 
			certainly proved that he could transmit usable electrical energy in 
			very large quantities, without any wires and with only minor energy 
			losses, via his EM Magnifying Energy Transmitter. He claimed that he 
			was bouncing these Tesla waves through the Earth’s core to the 
			antipodes and back to the transmitter (Tx) 
			site. A relatively small, 
			10 kW-generator energy supply of just a few horsepower would rapidly 
			allow the buildup by resonance of millions of horsepower in the coil 
			circuits of this Magnifying Energy Transmitter device.
 
 Sheets of man-made lightning and blue-white electrical streamers 
			would arc out of the circuit to Earth grounding points, or from the 
			top spherical aerial system. Locals, many miles away from Tesla’s 
			Colorado Springs laboratory, complained of experiencing sparks and 
			blue-white streamers of electrical energy issuing from power lines, 
			generators, electric motors, etc., and even from the soles of their 
			boots to the ground.
 
 Tesla had previously demonstrated that fire and flames can be 
			exactly reproduced by very-high-tension, high-frequency, 
			electrostatic potential waves (in fact, that is all a fire is when 
			considered in physics) - dimensions higher than the standard ’burning 
			of, say, carbon in oxygen’ philosophy of atomic molecular chemistry.
 
 In his patent for the EM Magnifying Energy Transmitter, Tesla 
			mentions that it can transmit electrostatic potential energy to the 
			planetary antipodes, or create a grid of standing waves and nodes of 
			pure electrostatic potential energy across the entire planet. He 
			provides a method for steering the antipodean target site by 
			utilizing two or more waves of differing frequency and amplitude 
			from two or more widely separated Tx sites.
 
 It is important to realize that he was not transmitting standard 
			Hertzian waves which vibrate transversely to the string direction in 
			normal 3D space with a constant rate of time flow-as in standard HF 
			radio transmission. Lord Kelvin of the London Royal Society of 
			Physics once had a serious argument with Tesla at a scientific 
			meeting in New York as Kelvin considered transverse vibrational ’E’- 
			and ’H’-field Hertzian waves to be the only form of
			EM wave 
			propagation.
 
 However, when invited to Tesla’s laboratory, Kelvin was astounded to 
			see by experimental demonstration that Tesla was indeed creating 
			longitudinal vibrational or scalar EM waves
			of pure electrostatic 
			potential - or, as Tesla called them, non-Hertzian radiations. Kelvin 
			then apologized in public and confirmed the existence and nature of 
			the new Tesla wave.
 
 Recent private research in the USA has demonstrated that Tesla wavescan propagate in ’n’-dimensional space and may be engineered to 
			operate in a non-linear time dimension at any speed from zero to 
			infinite (not being limited to ’c’, the speed of light).
 
 Several Tesla waves sent from different transmitters may also be 
			engineered to combine by interferometry to produce an EM slug of 
			very-high-level infolded or contained energy, with any desired light 
			emission shape, colour and intensity. This slug of EM energy may be 
			moved around the planet at will-visibly or invisibly). The contained 
			energy may be released by a further specific transmission. The 
			EM 
			slug can be moved into the Earth, through the air or into the sea.
 
			  
			If ’detonated’ in the Earth, an earthquake is the result. In a 
			building or a city, a violent explosion of pseudo nuclear style is 
			the result (even up to nuclear force levels).
 
			  
			
			TESLA’S "DEATH RAYS" AND SUPPRESSED EM WEAPONS TECHNOLOGY
 
			In his later years Tesla claimed that he could produce a "death 
			ray", with a range of hundreds of miles, which would be useful 
			against aircraft. Tesla also stated that another of his inventions 
			would allow entire cities to be devastated by explosive EM 
			transmissions across intercontinental distances, to anywhere on the 
			planet, with no defense possible; and that EM "Tesla shields", 
			produced by the same new device, could defend an entire country or a 
			city against aircraft and shells.
 
 He certainly made several public announcements about the "death-ray" 
			and "city-buster" EM weapons systems in the 1920s and 1930s, but no 
			details of techniques have survived in the public domain to my 
			knowledge.
 
 In 1924 a plethora of "death ray" and "anti-aircraft ray" stories 
			appeared in the New York Times. The Western Australian Kalgoorlie 
			Miner newspaper also published stories on these inventions during 
			the 1920s.
 
 Various inventions were linked to scientists from several nations, 
			e.g., Grindell H. Mathews (UK), Dr T. F. Wall (USA), 
			Herr Wolle 
			(Germany), and Grammachikoff (USSR) (as revealed by belligerent 
			statements by Trotsky). Details of the technology allegedly employed 
			by these systems are currently unavailable in the Western 
			literature.
 
 An Australian inventor of such a "death-ray" device, 
			Charles Sidney 
			Way, was found dead-shot through the heart under mysterious 
			circumstances-on the promenade of an English seaside resort in late 
			1937.
 
 News stories were also published in the USA about Tesla’s "death 
			ray" inventions in 1924, 1934 and, finally, in 1938.
 
 The 1938 press releases stated that Tesla would employ 50 million 
			volts in a new form of ray wave, only one-hundred-millionth of a 
			centimeter in diameter, based upon an entirely new principle of 
			physics that produced a great repelling force. Tesla stated that 
			this device could melt any engine and that there was no defense 
			against it. It could travel through interstellar space faster than 
			light and, if aimed at the Moon, it would turn a spot on the surface 
			into incandescence.
 
 It would appear that Tesla was referring to something vaguely 
			similar to modern concepts of laser or particle beam weapons, but 
			possibly utilizing micro-wave EM transmissions of enormous power, 
			traveling at speeds greater than ’c’, the velocity of light. In 
			actual fact, physicists call waves with dimensions of 
			one-hundred-millionth of a centimeter (i.e., 10-9 meters) X-rays, 
			but the size mentioned by Tesla is also quite close to the arbitrary 
			boundary designated for even smaller radiations - defined as gamma 
			rays.
 
 To achieve such wave-packet velocities of greater than ’c’ was 
			thought to be impossible in Einsteinian Western physics - until the 
			recent redevelopment of new ideas in physics concerning the 
			theoretical relativistic hyperspace transmission of scalar EM 
			waves - or Tesla waves.
 
 It is also now known that longitudinal scalar EM waves do indeed 
			produce a great repelling force on the atomic nucleus, bypassing the 
			outer electron shells and directly engineering or interfering with 
			the components of the nucleus.
 
 Tesla was not known to make idle statements, but some of his ideas 
			were so incredible and beyond the ’ken’ of so many other physics 
			peers that mainstream academics commonly just ignored his work. Only 
			in recent years have some brave souls come out with experimental and 
			theoretical studies that confirm the brilliance of this amazingly 
			practical and innovative mind. Most modern Western university 
			physicists simply ignore Tesla’s work. Only Eastern European and 
			Russian universities normally include a study of Tesla’s work in 
			their curricula.
 
 As early as 1914, Tesla predicted the electrical control of 
			atmospheric moisture, and he gave some thought to how this ’weather 
			control’ could be achieved using his magnifying transmitter. He 
			implied that it would be possible even to affect the Sun’s
			EM fields 
			and output, or certainly modify its effects upon the Earth, by means 
			of EM Tesla wave transmitters.
 
 Tesla suggested a means for lighting the ionosphere by EM waves to 
			produce a dull white glow-to turn night into day and make sea and 
			air navigation safer. This apparently magical thesis would work 
			along the lines of an analogy between the rarefied upper atmosphere 
			or ionosphere and a standard evacuated fluorescent tube: both can be 
			lit up by a Tesla coil radiating Tesla waves, without any wires 
			having to be used.
 
 Tesla believed that nuclear radiation from specific isotopes, such 
			as radium or uranium, was not just the result of atomic nucleus 
			instability, but that the decay was caused by interaction of the 
			nucleus with a special ray emanating throughout the universe. He 
			stated that it would be possible to engineer EM "shielding" to stop 
			the rays and hence terminate the action of nuclear disintegration, 
			and that therefore, presumably, it would be possible to generate 
			concentrations of such rays and stimulate the nucleus into explosive 
			or rapid general transmutation.
 
 Tesla’s radiation and other theories, as well as more recent 
			theoretical studies by US physicist Tom Bearden, have enabled a full 
			elucidation of the reasons for a series of quite bizarre activities 
			associated with the Japanese Aum Supreme Truth sect at
			Banjawarn 
			station, Western Australia, during 1993, and demonstrated the sect’s 
			close connection to the Banjawarn fireballs, explosion and 
			mini-Tunguska earthquake events.
 
 As research into the "Banjawarn Bang" has progressed, an entire 
			collection of bizarre events and coincidences has begun to 
			unravel-but you will have to wait for Part 3 for that...
 
 The next article in this series will cover intelligence on the 
			Japanese Aum sect as regards their interest in EM weapons and their 
			activities in Australia. It will also summarize the known physics 
			and effects of modern scalar EM weapons systems, including their 
			wave-transmission health effects on human and other life-forms, and 
			will detail a variety of recent Earth history events where such 
			weapons are believed to have been employed by Russian, Japanese and 
			covert US power groups.
 
			  
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