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Fig. 0.1 Milk Hill, Wiltshire, 12 August 2001.
The largest crop
pattern of all time, 800 feet across, consisting of 409 circles. 1. Introduction
Since the early 1990s, the original
simple circles have developed into huge, intricate, geometrical
patterns of stunning precision and beauty. Most appear in wheat,
barley and oil-seed rape, but they have also been reported in rye,
oats, flax, maize, sugar cane, peas, potatoes, sunflowers, grass,
fruit orchards, rice paddies, snow, and ice.
Although the general public, mass media
and scientific establishment tend to dismiss the entire phenomenon
as the work of human pranksters, there is strong evidence that an
unexplained force and guiding intelligence are at work.
Not only had they never been caught in the act, but their wives had never even noticed their nocturnal absence.
Fig. 2.1 Doug and Dave demonstrated their skills
with this 1991 crop
formation – after a pint of beer too many by the looks of things. They showed that they could create crude circular designs in broad daylight – but lacking the geometrical precision, complexity and beautiful crop lays found in the finest formations. At that time, the ‘circles’ had already evolved into complex pictograms, but Doug and Dave could not convincingly explain how they had created these. They could not even duplicate on paper a Celtic cross design they claimed to have made.
Confronted with evidence that they had
nothing to do with certain formations, they began to backtrack. Even
if their grossly exaggerated claim to have made 250 crop circles in
England since 1978 were true, that would still leave 1750 formations
in England and other countries unaccounted for, as well as numerous
pre-1978 formations.
Despite their ‘retirement’, the crop
circles were back as usual in 1992 – but without the intense media
interest.
During the night strange sounds and lights were heard and seen, and the following morning the farmer found part of his crop lying in neat circles.
Fig. 3.1 The Mowing
Devil. In 1686 a British scientist, Robert Plot, published a book entitled A Natural History of Staffordshire, which contained accounts of geometric areas of flattened plants found on both arable land and pastureland. He describes not only circles but also spirals and squares within rings, up to 150 feet across. He reports that the soil under them was much looser and drier than normal, and that a whitish, musty substance or hoar, ‘like that in mouldy bread’, was sometimes found on the plants.
He hypothesized that the designs were created by lightning exploding from the clouds. In July 1880 the science journal Nature published a letter from a scientist who described finding multiple circular areas of flattened wheat on a farm in southern England.
He suggested they were the result of ‘some cyclonic wind action’.
Fig. 3.2 One of
Robert Plot’s illustrations of a crop design. Since the late 1970s the number of circles has increased dramatically, especially in the southern English counties of Wiltshire and Hampshire, and the designs have become increasingly elaborate. Single swirled circles gave way to multiple circles, sometimes arranged non-randomly. The first quintuplet (a circle surrounded by four smaller, evenly-spaced satellite circles) appeared in 1978. Later, quintuplets appeared with rings connecting their outer satellites, creating ‘Celtic crosses’.
Circles with multiple concentric rings around them also started to appear.
Fig. 3.3 A
quintuplet, Beckhampton, Wiltshire, 3 August 1988. Note the seemingly randomly-placed mini-circles or ‘grapeshot’, a common feature in the early days.
That year also saw the first astronomy-related glyphs, which include galaxies, asteroid belts and planetary orbits. Since the late 1990s the formations have developed into spectacular and incredibly complex geometrical designs or mandalas. Sevenfold geometry first appeared in 1998, nine-fold geometry in 1999 and eleven-fold geometry in 2000.
Since 1999 several crop formations have created the illusion of being three-dimensional.
Fig. 3.5 Alton Barnes, Wiltshire, 11 July 1990.
This huge pictogram
gained worldwide publicity and attracted thousands of visitors. In total, over 10,000 crop formations have been documented worldwide. Over 700 of them appeared in 1991. Of the 229 formations reported from around the world in 2004, 33.9% of them appeared in England, where crop circles tend to cluster around sacred megalithic sites such as Stonehenge, Avebury and Silbury Hill.
Other countries with crop circles included Germany (13.2%), the USA (9.2%), the Czech Republic (8.4%), and Italy (8.4%).
Fig. 3.6 The ‘Tetrahedron’, Barbury Castle, Wiltshire, 17 July 1991.
The day after it
appeared, a British newspaper ran a photo of the design with the
headline, ‘Now explain this one’.
It has been
interpreted as showing a conjunction of planets in the constellation
Cetus that occurred in April 2000.
The shimmering effect
is created by the crop being laid in opposing directions.
It depicts the Sun, Mercury, Venus, the Earth’s orbit, Mars, and Jupiter’s orbit. According to Gerald Hawkins, it shows a planetary alignment that occurred on 6 November 1903,
the day the
Wright brothers proved that man could fly, and again on 11 July
1971, during Mariner 9’s journey to Mars. This 115-metre-wide spiral of 151 circles appeared in broad daylight in full view of a busy road, just opposite Stonehenge, within a 15-minute time-window (according to testimony from pilots, a farmer, a security guard, and motorists calling the police).
A professional
surveying engineer said it would take him about two full days to lay
out the design. Two engineering firms estimated that staking out the 346 reference points required to construct the design prior to flattening the wheat would take 6.5 to 7.5 days, or 11 days if done under cover of darkness.
Yet the formation had
definitely appeared overnight.
The square within the
circle is gridded with 28 by 25 narrow, ruler-straight channels.
The plants in this glyph had been gently brushed over into a near-vertical position, so that from the air the formation is barely visible. As the undamaged plants recovered and rose towards their normal, upright position,
they did so in
alternate bundles, producing a rippling, standing-wave pattern.
This formation appeared in outline the first night, and was completed the next night.
Some researchers
assume that this means it must be man-made, but there is no
conclusive evidence of this.
Where different flows merge, the plants tend to be plaited over and under, suggesting that all the plants have collapsed in opposing directions simultaneously.
Fig. 4.1 Crop lay resembling rippling water, typical of large, complex glyphs.
Note how the crop is
elegantly laid in thin bundles. Roundway, 1999. The centre of a swirl of crop is often marked by a bare area of soil or a ‘hole’ in the middle of a whorl of stems, and is frequently offset from the mathematical centre, sometimes by several feet. In some formations individual stems have been drawn into the outer edges of circles from behind standing crop, which clearly precludes the use of physical implements. The direction of crop flow is often different below the top layer of flattened crop.
Multi-tiered, multi-directional layering has never been replicated by the use of feet, planks, garden rollers or plastic pipes.
Fig. 4.3 The floor lay of the 1994 galaxy formation (fig. 3.8)
showcases the
circlemakers’ precision. The circle-making force can apparently discriminate between the maturity of plants, for less mature plants, whether standing in a row or scattered throughout the flattened area, are sometimes left standing. The force also seems to be able to select between plant species, for red poppies or thistles may be left standing amid flattened barley or wheat. This feature, too, rules out the use of planks and garden rollers.
The force is so precise that curtains of wheat one stalk wide are sometimes all that separate one circle from another.
Fig. 4.4 A discolored
and stretched node with a 90-degree bend.
Biophysicist William Levengood
and a number of other researchers have discovered that flattened
plants frequently have enlarged nodes (the little ‘knuckles’ along
the stems of corn-type plants) and sometimes have ‘expulsion
cavities’ in the same areas, where moisture seems to have exploded
outwards. Seed germination trials have shown that when a formation
occurs in immature crop, the seedlings usually do not develop, or
their growth is severely reduced, but if a formation occurs in more
mature crop, the seeds grow at up to five times the normal rate.
(See next section.)
Some birds had apparently been caught up
in the creation of a 1993 formation, and had been blown apart and
disintegrated by the force. Mixed in with the blood and feathers
were minute bits of flesh, but there were no bones, or any
distinguishable or recognizable parts. Laboratory tests on some of
the remains confirmed that they belonged to an ‘exploded bird’.
F. Grassi argues that a fungus (Entomophtora muscae) is the most likely explanation, rather than some mysterious circle-forming mechanism.
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Skeptics have objected that much of the
BLT’s work has not been conducted in a double-blind manner (so that
experimenter bias might have influenced the results), but they
haven’t been able to show that the anomalous effects in question can
be produced by flattening crop by mechanical means.
This is even true of oil-seed rape (canola), which is normally as stiff and brittle as celery, and snaps if bent more than 40 degrees.
Fig. 5.1 Marked
bending at the base of oil-seed rape plants. Stalks of flattened crop are usually enlarged and stretched, as if they have been heated from the inside. Sometimes this effect is so powerful that the node literally explodes, blowing holes in the node walls and spewing sap outside the stalk. Node expansion is not always entirely confined to plants within the flattened area of crop, as if some spillover of the energy involved has occurred.
There are known mechanisms that explain an increase in node length after a crop is flattened, such as gravitropism (whereby a plant tries to straighten itself after being pressed down), but some studies suggest that this mechanism cannot account for node-length increases of more than about 20%, whereas increases of up to 200% have been measured in crop formations.
Fig. 5.2 Comparison
of nodes within a crop formation (left) and from 75 feet outside it
(right). Node elongation and expulsion cavities have been induced in plants in the laboratory by placing them in a microwave oven for 20 to 30 seconds. Microwave radiation heats the moisture inside the stem which, as it turns into steam and expands, either stretches the more elastic fibres at the top of the plant, or blows holes in the tougher nodes farther down the stem.
Fig. 5.3 Expulsion
cavities in wheat. In their 1999 article, Levengood and Talbott argue that crop formations are created by plasma vortices, which emit microwave radiation and thereby produce heat. In 2001 Eltjo Haselhoff wrote a comment on their article, pointing out a couple of serious errors and arguing that crop formations were created by a point-like or spherical source of radiation rather than a plasma vortex.*
* E.H. Haselhoff, ‘Dispersion of energies in worldwide crop formations’ (Opinions and comments), Physiologia Plantarum, vol. 111, 2001, pp. 123-4; Haselhoff, 2001, pp. 71-81.
He reported a study of plant samples from two circles in the Netherlands, which appeared after lights were seen above the field. Samples were taken along three diameters. The greatest node lengthening was measured at the centre of the formation and declined towards the rim. He concluded that this was consistent with heat being induced by a small electromagnetic source 4.1 meters above the field.
A curious and unexplained finding was
that the node-length changes along each sampled diameter, on either
side of the circle’s centre, precisely mirrored each other, but each
diameter’s node-length changes differed from those found along the
other two diameters.
In more mature plants, seeds are
visually stunted, but the effects on reproduction vary. In mature
plants with fully formed seeds, seeds often exhibit a massive
increase in vigor and a growth rate up to five times that of control
seeds.
The particles are usually found clustered around, or just outside, the perimeters of circular crop formations, as if the centrifugal force from a spinning vortex is distributing this material to the edges. But sometimes the particles are concentrated in soil at the centers of circles, with amounts dropping off toward the perimeters, while in other cases the material is deposited linearly, usually in increasing amounts toward the perimeters.
If crop circles are made by plasma
systems, this would explain the attraction of magnetic dust
particles, since plasma spiraling around geomagnetic field lines
creates its own magnetic field. But the different distribution
patterns of the magnetic dust are puzzling.
Clearly, if geologic pressure had been
present, the crop-circle plants would have been obliterated. The
crystalline change could also be produced by intense heat (at least
6-8000°C over a period of many hours), but this would have
incinerated the plants.
A mineralogist involved in the study concluded that an energy currently unknown to science must be involved.
Fig. 5.4 Geometric
and nongeometrically downed crop in the same field. Areas of randomly flattened cereal crops – called ‘lodging’ by farmers – are a common occurrence worldwide, and are usually attributed to over-fertilization and/or weather damage. Aerial photos frequently reveal areas of irregularly flattened crops in the same fields as geometrically flattened patterns. A very significant finding by the BLT team is that non-geometrically downed crop sometimes shows the same bent and elongated nodes that are found in crop circles.
This suggests that the same formative
forces are involved, but that sometimes they act chaotically rather
than in an ordered fashion.
In one videotape shot in daytime, a hawk
dives straight down towards a fairly opaque ball of light, only to
veer away at the last moment when it realizes that the light is not
edible. Military jets and helicopters have been seen trying to
intercept balls of light, which then proceed to toy with their
chasers, sometimes blinking out and reappearing behind the craft
giving chase.
She found a perfect circle of flattened
corn, hot to the touch, the plant stalks being interlaced or even
plaited. The same whirlwind created a second circle about four
meters in diameter in the corner of the same field. The plaiting or
braiding of flattened vegetation is also observed in modern crop
formations.
The crop went down as neatly as if it
had been cut by a giant flan cutter, and the plants showed
absolutely no spring-back (Corliss, p. 268; Pringle, 1999, p. 6). In
June 1989 a witness saw a big orange ball of light, about 30-40 feet
in diameter, descend into a wheat field in England. The bottom
flattened as it touched the crop and the ground, and disappeared a
few seconds later after a single bounce. The next morning a ringed
circle was found at the same spot (Haselhoff, 2000, p. 20).
All at once the wind scooped them off the path into the field. A two-meter-diameter circle formed around them within a couple of seconds, growing outwards from the centre in an anti-clockwise spiral. The whirlwind then split into two: the first zigzagged into the distance over the top of the wheat while the second formed a second circle nearby. It looked like a transparent glowing tube stretching endlessly into the sky.
Miniature whirlwinds – small, glistening
vortices about four inches apart – had meanwhile appeared in the
circle they were standing in. They whirled around the crop in small
bunches towards the perimeter, gently laying the wheat down and
enlarging the circle. The whole episode lasted about seven minutes.
The couple felt lethargic and nauseous for a week afterwards, and
Vivienne suffered perforated ear drums.
Fig. 6.1 Two formations at West Overton, Wiltshire (July 1993). The large ring encircling the T-junction appeared first. Subsequently, the long pictogram appeared, and gained another circle the next night. Witnesses who were watching the field at about 2 am the night before the extra circle appeared observed a white mist move slowly across the field containing the pictogram. The next day the witnesses returned and saw that a new circle had been added (top of the photo). The new circle had a standing centre of wheat stalks but, while they were examining this new addition, the plants in the centre suddenly twisted around themselves and went down.
Nothing was heard or
seen to indicate what caused this. In the night of 7 June 1999 a young Dutchman noticed a small, pinkish-white light in the sky, which was moving and seemed quite close. In just a few seconds it took on an elliptical shape, and hovered about three meters above the ground, while the faint light shone down on a field. The surrounding air was trembling as if it were hot. Then the light slowly faded and disappeared.
The young man ran into the field, and discovered a fresh circle of flattened crop. He noticed that the crop, the soil, and the air felt warm. Less than a week later, a second formation appeared not far from the first. This time, a brief flash of bright white, slightly bluish light was seen, which seemed to emerge from a single point above the field.
Upon inspection, another circle was found, which also felt warm (Haselhoff, p. 72).
Fig. 6.2 Tawsmead Copse, Alton Priors, Wiltshire, 9 August 1998. Two women saw luminosities spiralling over the field where this formation was found the next morning. Four independent witnesses, from a different vantage point, saw a light split into three and move around the field;
in the moonlight they
could make out a shape appearing in the field (Thomas, p. 71). In April 1991 a man heard a high-pitched humming sound and saw a stationary silver bell-shaped ‘craft’ project a spiralling vortex of aura-like light into a field and make a 29-ft crop circle. The event occurred in broad daylight and was over in a few seconds.
In June 1996, intrigued by a buzzing sound, a couple went out of their house at about midnight and saw coloured lights swirling in the pitch-black sky above the East Field (Alton Barnes). 20 minutes later the lights congealed into one object from which a beam of white light descended onto the field.
Five hours later the ‘DNA’ crop glyph was discovered (Silva, p. 140).
Fig. 6.3 The ‘DNA’
formation, Alton Barnes, Wiltshire, 17 June 1996. In 1966, not far from the white cliffs of Dover, a man saw a ‘translucent glass tube’ descend from the sky. With the rain visibly deflecting off its surface and the nearby livestock ‘seemingly transfixed’ by loud hissing sounds, the tube created a circle in the grass. In 1990 a farmer tending his field of barely found himself standing 10 feet from a 3-ft-thick rotating, perpendicular tube whose earth-bound end stopped short of the ground, while the other rose to a point out of view.
The tube remained stationary as a
swirling motion manifested in the crop. In August 2001 Nancy
Talbott and Robert van den Broeke saw a series of three
tubes of brilliant white light, eight inches to a foot in diameter,
flash down from the sky to the ground within about six seconds,
leaving a steaming ellipse with a T-shaped appendage in a Dutch bean
field (Silva, pp. 138-9).
Whatever its true status, the video is
at the very least a good representation of what many witnesses have
described.
Certain photographic distortions have
been attributed to the same alleged causes. It’s quite conceivable
that anomalous energies and atmospheric conditions can affect the
behavior of watches, clocks, cameras and also light. But warped
notions such as ‘bent’ space and time are simply mathematical
abstractions and explain nothing. There is also a case of a pendulum
being pulled 15 to 20 degrees off the vertical in the centre of a
crop formation by some unknown force.
Birds, too, tend to stay away from
genuine crop circles, even though the downed plants offer easy
access to seeds.
* Starting with middle C on the piano, the frequency of each succeeding white note of the musical scale increases according to the following ratios: C 1, D 9/8, E 5/4, F 4/3, G 3/2, A 5/3, B 15/8, C’ 2. The ratio r = 2n/12, where n is a number between 0 and 12. The white-note diatonic ratios occur when n is 0, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 12, while numbers 1, 3, 6, 8, and 10 generate the black-note diatonic ratios.
Based on an analysis of the ratios
embodied in 25 crop circles, he calculated that there was a 1 in
400,000 chance of them arising by chance. Apart from bird calls and
the song of a whale, diatonic ratios do not occur in nature. Hawkins
concluded that crop designs demonstrated the remarkable mathematical
ability of their creators. He wrote to Doug and Dave to ask them why
they’d used the diatonic ratios – but never received a reply! (See
Haselhoff, 2000, pp. 57-61, 139-40; Silva, 2002, pp. 193-200.)
The fifth theorem involves concentric circles which touch the sides of a triangle, and as the triangle changes shape, it generates the special crop-circle geometric ratios.
Fig. 8.1 Hawkins’ five theorems: 1. tangent theorem, 2. triangle theorem, 3. square theorem, 4. hexagon theorem,
5. general theorem,
where expanding and contracting concentric circles give all the
diatonic ratios. It’s difficult to make crop formations that obey the theorems in the dark, but the makers of authentic crop formations manage to work to a tolerance of 1%. Hawkins’ work was published during the early phase of the phenomenon, but he found that later, more elaborate designs still yielded the diatonic ratios.
Fig. 8.2 The positions and sizes of all the elements of this crop formation (Oud-Beijerland, the Netherlands, 1998) are harmoniously related to one another and/or to the tramlines, in accordance with Hawkins’ theorems.
Flattened crop is
coloured yellow. (Janssen, 2004, pp. 83-4; Haselhoff, pp. 61-3) The following reconstructions illustrate the highly complex geometry embodied in many modern crop formations. (For further examples, click here.)
Fig. 8.3 The 1994 ‘Web’ (fig. 3.9) is based on fivefold geometry.
Two pentagrams fit
perfectly into the formation (Jansen, pp. 77-80). Threefold, fourfold, fivefold, and sixfold geometry are hidden between the circle and its three successive rings
(Janssen, pp. 22-3;
Haselhoff, pp. 64-7).
made out of 308 triangles of standing crop. It is composed of 44 spirals based on phi (φ) or the golden mean (ratio 1:1.618), a spiral that is difficult to draw, even on paper (Silva, p. 111).
These sections of the construction lines can be rubbed out on paper, but not in the crop itself.
Fig. 8.6 One of the first crop circles based on sevenfold geometry appeared at Tawsmead Copse, near Alton Barnes, Wiltshire, 9 August 1998 (fig. 6.2). The white lines in the diagram on the left represent the construction lines found in the actual formation. The diagram on the right shows the same formation but with all the heptagrams and heptagons needed to reconstruct it.
In other words, only
two of the many heptagrams and heptagons were present in the final
design (Janssen, pp. 66-72). Barbury Castle, Wiltshire, 23 July 1999 (pp. 47-9); for photo, see below. Two triangles are absolutely necessary to align and construct the crescents, but both are missing in the final design.
Crop-circle researchers have sometimes
been induced to visit fake circles and when some fell into the trap
of rashly pronouncing the formation to be authentic, this was used
to ridicule the entire phenomenon. This is like saying that since
some people have been deceived by imitation pearls, no genuine
pearls exist!
Haselhoff carefully avoided saying anything definite about the authenticity of the formation. At the end of the interview, the three men who had made the formation in collaboration with the landowner turned up, and Haselhoff congratulated them on their efforts.
This was not the scenario the program-makers had in mind, so the interview was edited before the documentary was broadcast so that Haselhoff appeared to say the exact opposite of what he actually said:
Some crop-circle debunkers have even
resorted to sabotage. In one incident, iron filings were sprinkled
on the flattened stems inside a crop circle, after which the
chemical analyses performed on the plants and soil were ridiculed.
Such desperate and unscrupulous tactics are perhaps a sign of how
insecure some debunkers feel. There are also cases where
mischief-makers have added post holes in formations that were
probably authentic to make them look man-made.
On the second night, Andrews received a call saying that a complex crop design had appeared and been captured on film. Even before examining the formation, he unwisely announced to the media that the formation was authentic. Upon inspection, however, it turned out to be a poorly-made fake; a horoscope game board and wooden cross had even been left in the middle of the main circle, presumably to point the finger at new-agers.
Evidence later emerged to suggest that
the British Ministry of Defense had ordered the creation of a hoax
pattern in an effort to discredit the phenomenon and the
researchers. Ten days after the fake formation had been made, a real
crop circle appeared in the field below Bratton Castle in a swirling
motion lasting less than 15 seconds, but the video tape was later
removed from a locked box by persons unknown (Andrews, 2003, pp.
131-6).
Several major crop glyphs, sometimes almost identical, have been known to appear over fairly wide areas on the same night.
Fig. 9.1 ‘Triple Julia Set’, Avebury Trusloe, Wiltshire, 29 July 1996. 196 perfectly graded circles spiral out from the centre and extend to a diameter of over 1000 ft. Joining the centres of corresponding circles in each of the three arms with three lines generates a series of equilateral triangles, spiralling, rotating and expanding from the centre outwards with awesome precision. A US surveying company stated that to mark out the Triple Julia Set to this degree of accuracy would take three to five days,
adding two days for
calculation time and another three if working at night. This 33-flame design appeared between 3 and 5 am. Its centre lies 20 feet into undisturbed crop.
Claiming to have made a crop formation is always a lot easier than actually making one. Hoaxers have laid claim to highly complex authentic formations they had nothing to do with. For instance, three pranksters calling themselves ‘Team Satan/Circle-makers’ claim to have made the Stonehenge Julia Set.
Hoaxers rarely provide any evidence of their supposed exploits, and sometimes they discredit their claims by exposing their ignorance about certain features of the formations they supposedly made.
Fig. 9.3 Hoaxed ‘Flower of life’, Alton Priors, 1997.
Measuring errors have
produced a total mess. Some hoaxers concede that there is a genuinely paranormal crop-circle phenomenon at work, alongside the hoaxing, and even claim to be inspired by the real circle-making forces. Some of them have experienced anomalous sounds and lights out in the fields.
On one occasion, when a team went back
to check a circle they had made earlier, they discovered a new
circle in the same field and saw an orange ball of light emanating
from it. Another group had just started making a crop formation when
two balls of light appeared and chased them out of the field.
Additions made to hoaxed formations sometimes result in them
complying with the sacred geometry ratios found in real formations.
When he was told that it seemed there had not been any hoaxers, he burst out crying!
Fig. 9.4 The beautiful crop formation
that moved Andrew
Lloyd Webber to tears – even though he never bothered to look at it. Ogbourne St. George, Wiltshire Downs, 15 June 2003. As with the West Overton glyph (fig. 3.20), the plants were unusually laid: in the central circle, a central spiral motion rotated outwards in eight movements, with stems barely touching the ground; in between, the remaining plants appeared to have been gently pushed approximately 20 degrees from the vertical. It was as if someone had simply brushed their hand lightly over the young wheat. As the plants recovered, they rose in alternate segments along different nodes, producing a ripple effect that seems to be unhoaxable.
Some hoaxers obtain farmers’ permission for their ‘crop art’ beforehand and pay them a sum of money.
Fig. 9.6 In 1994 science-fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke hired five artists to make a 90-ft, 10-petalled flower for a documentary debunking crop circles. It took two days to make the small design in bright sunlight, leaving every plant crushed and dozens of holes pockmarking the clay soil. The above reconstruction by Freddy Silva (2002, p. 194) reveals
the
discrepancies between the geometry on the ground (white) and that
required by the pentagonal design (black). The finished result looked impressive from the air. But the formation was harvested as soon as filming stopped, and not a single researcher was allowed to inspect the lay of the crop. Ground photographs showed a mess of broken and crushed stems; they were so revealing that they were quickly removed from the internet. The above picture shows how the whole design fails to hit much of the triangular/hexagonal geometry (Silva, p. 92).
Unfortunately, it is impossible to take samples from every crop formation to check for such anomalies, because this is a very time-consuming and extremely costly process which needs to be conducted according to strict scientific protocols.
Fig. 9.8 West Kennett Long Barrow, Wiltshire, 10 August 2004. National Geographic hired Team Satan to make this formation for another program debunking crop circles. It took the three men five hours to make in broad daylight. Their work was filmed by a time-lapse camera on a crane.
Fig. 10.1 One night in 1988 Colin Andrews asked silently for a Celtic cross to appear as close to his home in southern England as possible. The exact formation he had visualized appeared the next day in the closest unharvested field, |
